(P) Week 2: Bone marrow and Lymphoid Organs Part 1 Flashcards
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What are the primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow
Thymus
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen
lymph nodes
MALT (Mucosa Associated lymphoid tissue)
Tonsils / BALT (bucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
Appendix
Peyer’s patches / GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)
liver
what is the other name for lymphoid organs due to the presence of macrophages
reticulo-endothelial systems
all macrophages are ________
professional phagocytes
what do macrophages ingest?
debris and abnormal cells
2 types of immunity
natural and acquired immunity
what cell is responsible for acquired immunity
macrophages
Macrophages can assume as ____________ which presents antiens in our immune system
“antigen-presenting cells”
Macrophages trigger our _____ to recognize future infections
WBCs
Antigen-independent activation happens where?
bone marrow and thymus
The ability of lymphocytes to differentiate into different types in the primary lymphoid organs without the help of an antigen
Antigen-independent activation
Where does further stimulation of lymphocytes occur after the bone marrow and thymus?
secondary lymphoid organs
Type of differentiation that occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs
antigen-dependent differentiation
common site for bone marrow collection
anterior and posterior iliac crest
for adults
red marrow can also be found on the ___________
distal ends of long bones
widely on FLAT BONES
type of bone made up of the haversian system
compact bones
What are spongy bones made out of
bone trabeculae
the red marrow in spongy bone is located within the _______
trabeculae
what supports the bone marrow tissue
trabeculae
T or F
It is uncommon to collect blood as the bone marrow is aspirated
F (it is inevitable because the bone marrow is highly vascularized)
This is where the veins enter into the bone
nutrient foramen
This also supplies blood into the compact bone which enters the haversian system where it will turn into capillaries and venules before going back to the vein
periosteal artery
the interconnections between osteocytes
canaliculi
T or F
It is inevitable to obtain parts of the compact bone when retrieving a bone marrow aspirate sample
T
Pathologists may observe _____ and _____ in the microscope as it is inevitable to obtain parts of the compact bone when retrieving a bone marrow aspirate
osteocytes and osteoblasts
T or F
osteocytes are similar to plasma cells
F (osteoblasts)
forms the matrix of compact bone, releases substances that help the bones to become hard
osteocytes
where most of the BVs are innervating on the Haversian system
Haversian canal
3 different parts of the red bone marrow
stromal cells
hematopoietic cells
blood vessels
part of the bone marrow composed of arterioles, venules, and sinusoids
blood vessels
plasma cells are derived from the differentiation of the __________
b cell
cells found outside the hematopoietic cells
stromal cells
familiarize the stromal cells
endothelial cells
reticular adventitial cells
adipocytes
macrophages
fibrous cells
supports the maturation of RBCs by giving off the iron content in their cytoplasm
macrophages
stored iron
ferritin
What is the stain used for iron
Perl’s / Prussian Blue
ferritin consists of:
apoferritin (protein)
ferric iron
where does iron granules adhere whenever RBCs are in need of iron?
macrophage’s cytoplasm
these will then seep out to the cytoplasm of the maturing RBC
These are released by the macrophages to activate our immune system cells in times of chronic infections
cytokines
familiarize the common chemicals that are associated with blood disorders
IL 1, gamma-interferon, and alpha-tissue necrotic factor
what is the disease that takes place due to the oversaturation of cytokines, secondary to prolonged infections
anemia of chronic infection
this regulates the production, differentiation, and development of hematopoietic blood cells existing in the bone marrow
adipocytes
what is the normal ratio of fat cells and hematopoietic cells in the adult bone marrow
50:50 or 1:1
T or F
children are expected to have more adipocytes than hematopoietic cells
F (more hematopoietic cells kasi they have more red marrow)
T or F
as we age, bone marrow cells get depleted
T
what is the bone marrow cellularity formula
100- age of the patient = expected % of bone marrow cells
These are located between the vascular sinuses, supported by the trabeculae
hematopoietic cords and vascular sinuses
a stromal cell that separates the red marrow to the external environment
endothelial cells
this separates the red marrow and vascular sinuses
hematopoietic cords
this lines the boundary of red marrow and vascular sinuses but is made out of fibrous cells
reticular adventitial cells
what do you call the openings in the vascular sinuses
sinusoids
matured bood cells lie _______ to endothelial cells, while immature cells lie close to the ______, and as they mature they are pushed to the _________ of the boundary.
adjacent, center, sides
the transfer of cells in the vascular sinuses are assisted by:
cytokines and growth factors
what are detached from the megakaryocytes that squeeze their way through the sinusoids
cytoplasmic sheet
what dissolves the cytoplasmic sheet left behind by the megakaryocytes?
plasma enzymes
Measurement and weight of the thymus at birth
0.5 to 2 cm and 12-15grams
weight of the thymus during puberty
30-40 grams
What is the main function of the thymus
lymphocyte differentiation
weight of the thymus during later age
10-15 grams
the thymus is located at the _________, about the level of the _______________
anterior mediastinum, great vessel of the heart
Part of the thymus that innervates the organ and produces different sections
capsule
Contents of the 3 different regions of the cortex
maturing lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
T or F
Whatever antigens are present it the thymus, it represents the whole body
T
part of the thymus where the blood vessels are located
medulla
T or F
the medulla contains maturing lymphocytes
F (matured lymphocytes)
what type of lymphocytes travels from the bone marrow to the thymus
pre-lymphocytes
pro-lymphocytes
immature lymphocytes
T or F
In the pre-thymic phase, most lymphocytes (especially T-cells) already know their function once outside of the bone marrow
F (they go to the thymus to be differentiated into different functions)
Lymphocytes in the pre-thymic phase have a _________ as they lack the CD markers from the thymus that will dictate their specific function
double negative
as the lymphocytes travel through the cortex they get introduced to different antigens and cells, which they will absorb and rearrange using their _____________
T-receptors
these are the lymphocytes that attack your own cells
reactive lymphocytes
T or F
reactive lymphocytes must die after they are released from the thymus
F (before release)
A disorder where the immune system attacks our body, such as the case as systemic lupus or erythematosus
autoimmunity
successful recognition and rearrangement of the lymphocytes will result in a _________ (where 2 CD markers are developed)
double positive
when will the double positive CD markers will be diminished to a single positive?
as the lymphocytes move towards the medulla
CD marker for T-helper cells
CD4
CD marker for T-cytotoxic cells
CD8
CD marker for T-regulatory cells
CD 4 &25
CD marker for B cells
CD 19, 20, 21, and 22
CD marker for NK cells
CD 56 and 16
_________ cells have memory while ________ do not, making their reactions more specific when they encounter the same pathogen in the future
T-cytotoxic cells have, Nk cells do not
distributed B cells may become either
B memory cell or plasma cell
unactivated T-helper cells in the secondary organs are called?
Naive T-helpers
activated T-helper cells in the secondary organs are called?
T-effector cells
3 types of T-effector cells
T-effector helper 1
T-effector helper 2
T-regulatory cells
condition where the spleen is enlarged
hypersplenism / splenomegaly
how many percent of the produced platelets are stored in the spleen?
30%
how many percent of the platelets produced goes into the blood?
70%
a disorder where splenectomy is needed
hemolytic anemia and leukemia
T or F
A splenectomy decreases the patient’s platelet count
F (increases)
excessive bleeding, petechiae, and hematoma formation are common symptoms of
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
the consequence of a splenectomy is increase in ____________________ in the RBCs
abnormal inclusions
this is the pitting function of the spleen
remove inclusions
RBCs are screened by which organ to determine whether they are to be lysed or not?
spleen
enumerate the environmental characteristics of the spleen that senile RBCs cannot withstand?
acidic
low in glucose
less oxygen
these are widely distributed in the splenic cords, and they regulate which RBCs are ready to be removed once they enter the spleen
macrophages
these are antibodies produced against protein band 3 aggregates
antibodies (IgG)
when the IgG adheres and coats the senile RBC, this attracts macrophages which contains a ______ receptor
F-C
when an RBC membrane becomse loose due to old age, it releases _____________________
phosphatidylserine
Senile RBCs experience a change in the structure of CD___ which binds to ____________________, signaling the macrophage to kill it
CD 47, thrombospondin-1
the collection of splenic arterioles and venules is very tight, forming a ____________, trapping senile RBCs which leads to ______________
splenic sieve, hemolytic anemia
hemolysis that happens outside the blood vessel
extravascular anemia
two types of pulps in the splenic tissue
white pulp and red pulp
cells that are found in the white pulp of the splenic tissue
lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
what separates the vascular sinuses in the red pulp of the splenic tissue
- also contains many macrophages
cords of Billroth
These composes the marginal zones
blood vessels
macrophages
memory B cells and T helper cells (CD4+)
what type of cells predominantly surrounds our arteries
t cells
the white pulp predominantly consists of
activated B-cells
what is the culling function of the spleen
removal of abnormal erythrocytes
T or F
you may donate either of the lobes of your liver even if it is cirrhotic
F (you cannot donate any of your lobes if you are cirrhotic)
T or F
the two lobes of your liver shares a single hepatocyte
F (each lobe contains hepatocytes)
all of the blood supply in the liver is collected by the _________ and then it goes back to the circulation
central vein
roles of the liver
- site of blood production during fetal life
- Protein synthesis (+clotting factors)
- Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
- hemoglobin degradation
familiarize the steps of hemoglobin degradation
pls open the transes ehe thanks labyu
what are the two end product of heme degradation?
urobilin and stercobilin
gives the brown color of fecal matter
stercobilin
