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Hematology 1 > (P) Week 2: Bone marrow and Lymphoid Organs Part 1 > Flashcards

(P) Week 2: Bone marrow and Lymphoid Organs Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

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What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow
Thymus

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2
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen
lymph nodes
MALT (Mucosa Associated lymphoid tissue)
Tonsils / BALT (bucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
Appendix
Peyer’s patches / GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)
liver

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3
Q

what is the other name for lymphoid organs due to the presence of macrophages

A

reticulo-endothelial systems

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4
Q

all macrophages are ________

A

professional phagocytes

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5
Q

what do macrophages ingest?

A

debris and abnormal cells

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6
Q

2 types of immunity

A

natural and acquired immunity

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7
Q

what cell is responsible for acquired immunity

A

macrophages

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8
Q

Macrophages can assume as ____________ which presents antiens in our immune system

A

“antigen-presenting cells”

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9
Q

Macrophages trigger our _____ to recognize future infections

A

WBCs

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10
Q

Antigen-independent activation happens where?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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11
Q

The ability of lymphocytes to differentiate into different types in the primary lymphoid organs without the help of an antigen

A

Antigen-independent activation

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12
Q

Where does further stimulation of lymphocytes occur after the bone marrow and thymus?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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13
Q

Type of differentiation that occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs

A

antigen-dependent differentiation

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14
Q

common site for bone marrow collection

A

anterior and posterior iliac crest

for adults

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15
Q

red marrow can also be found on the ___________

A

distal ends of long bones

widely on FLAT BONES

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16
Q

type of bone made up of the haversian system

A

compact bones

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17
Q

What are spongy bones made out of

A

bone trabeculae

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18
Q

the red marrow in spongy bone is located within the _______

A

trabeculae

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19
Q

what supports the bone marrow tissue

A

trabeculae

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20
Q

T or F

It is uncommon to collect blood as the bone marrow is aspirated

A

F (it is inevitable because the bone marrow is highly vascularized)

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21
Q

This is where the veins enter into the bone

A

nutrient foramen

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22
Q

This also supplies blood into the compact bone which enters the haversian system where it will turn into capillaries and venules before going back to the vein

A

periosteal artery

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23
Q

the interconnections between osteocytes

A

canaliculi

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24
Q

T or F

It is inevitable to obtain parts of the compact bone when retrieving a bone marrow aspirate sample

A

T

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25
Q

Pathologists may observe _____ and _____ in the microscope as it is inevitable to obtain parts of the compact bone when retrieving a bone marrow aspirate

A

osteocytes and osteoblasts

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26
Q

T or F

osteocytes are similar to plasma cells

A

F (osteoblasts)

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27
Q

forms the matrix of compact bone, releases substances that help the bones to become hard

A

osteocytes

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28
Q

where most of the BVs are innervating on the Haversian system

A

Haversian canal

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29
Q

3 different parts of the red bone marrow

A

stromal cells
hematopoietic cells
blood vessels

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30
Q

part of the bone marrow composed of arterioles, venules, and sinusoids

A

blood vessels

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31
Q

plasma cells are derived from the differentiation of the __________

A

b cell

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32
Q

cells found outside the hematopoietic cells

A

stromal cells

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33
Q

familiarize the stromal cells

A

endothelial cells
reticular adventitial cells
adipocytes
macrophages
fibrous cells

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34
Q

supports the maturation of RBCs by giving off the iron content in their cytoplasm

A

macrophages

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35
Q

stored iron

A

ferritin

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36
Q

What is the stain used for iron

A

Perl’s / Prussian Blue

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37
Q

ferritin consists of:

A

apoferritin (protein)
ferric iron

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38
Q

where does iron granules adhere whenever RBCs are in need of iron?

A

macrophage’s cytoplasm

these will then seep out to the cytoplasm of the maturing RBC

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39
Q

These are released by the macrophages to activate our immune system cells in times of chronic infections

A

cytokines

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40
Q

familiarize the common chemicals that are associated with blood disorders

A

IL 1, gamma-interferon, and alpha-tissue necrotic factor

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41
Q

what is the disease that takes place due to the oversaturation of cytokines, secondary to prolonged infections

A

anemia of chronic infection

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42
Q

this regulates the production, differentiation, and development of hematopoietic blood cells existing in the bone marrow

A

adipocytes

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43
Q

what is the normal ratio of fat cells and hematopoietic cells in the adult bone marrow

A

50:50 or 1:1

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44
Q

T or F

children are expected to have more adipocytes than hematopoietic cells

A

F (more hematopoietic cells kasi they have more red marrow)

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45
Q

T or F

as we age, bone marrow cells get depleted

A

T

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46
Q

what is the bone marrow cellularity formula

A

100- age of the patient = expected % of bone marrow cells

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47
Q

These are located between the vascular sinuses, supported by the trabeculae

A

hematopoietic cords and vascular sinuses

48
Q

a stromal cell that separates the red marrow to the external environment

A

endothelial cells

49
Q

this separates the red marrow and vascular sinuses

A

hematopoietic cords

50
Q

this lines the boundary of red marrow and vascular sinuses but is made out of fibrous cells

A

reticular adventitial cells

51
Q

what do you call the openings in the vascular sinuses

A

sinusoids

52
Q

matured bood cells lie _______ to endothelial cells, while immature cells lie close to the ______, and as they mature they are pushed to the _________ of the boundary.

A

adjacent, center, sides

53
Q

the transfer of cells in the vascular sinuses are assisted by:

A

cytokines and growth factors

54
Q

what are detached from the megakaryocytes that squeeze their way through the sinusoids

A

cytoplasmic sheet

55
Q

what dissolves the cytoplasmic sheet left behind by the megakaryocytes?

A

plasma enzymes

56
Q

Measurement and weight of the thymus at birth

A

0.5 to 2 cm and 12-15grams

57
Q

weight of the thymus during puberty

A

30-40 grams

58
Q

What is the main function of the thymus

A

lymphocyte differentiation

59
Q

weight of the thymus during later age

A

10-15 grams

60
Q

the thymus is located at the _________, about the level of the _______________

A

anterior mediastinum, great vessel of the heart

61
Q

Part of the thymus that innervates the organ and produces different sections

A

capsule

62
Q

Contents of the 3 different regions of the cortex

A

maturing lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

63
Q

T or F

Whatever antigens are present it the thymus, it represents the whole body

A

T

64
Q

part of the thymus where the blood vessels are located

A

medulla

65
Q

T or F

the medulla contains maturing lymphocytes

A

F (matured lymphocytes)

66
Q

what type of lymphocytes travels from the bone marrow to the thymus

A

pre-lymphocytes
pro-lymphocytes
immature lymphocytes

67
Q

T or F

In the pre-thymic phase, most lymphocytes (especially T-cells) already know their function once outside of the bone marrow

A

F (they go to the thymus to be differentiated into different functions)

68
Q

Lymphocytes in the pre-thymic phase have a _________ as they lack the CD markers from the thymus that will dictate their specific function

A

double negative

69
Q

as the lymphocytes travel through the cortex they get introduced to different antigens and cells, which they will absorb and rearrange using their _____________

A

T-receptors

70
Q

these are the lymphocytes that attack your own cells

A

reactive lymphocytes

71
Q

T or F
reactive lymphocytes must die after they are released from the thymus

A

F (before release)

72
Q

A disorder where the immune system attacks our body, such as the case as systemic lupus or erythematosus

A

autoimmunity

73
Q

successful recognition and rearrangement of the lymphocytes will result in a _________ (where 2 CD markers are developed)

A

double positive

74
Q

when will the double positive CD markers will be diminished to a single positive?

A

as the lymphocytes move towards the medulla

75
Q

CD marker for T-helper cells

A

CD4

76
Q

CD marker for T-cytotoxic cells

A

CD8

77
Q

CD marker for T-regulatory cells

A

CD 4 &25

78
Q

CD marker for B cells

A

CD 19, 20, 21, and 22

79
Q

CD marker for NK cells

A

CD 56 and 16

80
Q

_________ cells have memory while ________ do not, making their reactions more specific when they encounter the same pathogen in the future

A

T-cytotoxic cells have, Nk cells do not

81
Q

distributed B cells may become either

A

B memory cell or plasma cell

82
Q

unactivated T-helper cells in the secondary organs are called?

A

Naive T-helpers

83
Q

activated T-helper cells in the secondary organs are called?

A

T-effector cells

84
Q

3 types of T-effector cells

A

T-effector helper 1
T-effector helper 2
T-regulatory cells

85
Q

condition where the spleen is enlarged

A

hypersplenism / splenomegaly

86
Q

how many percent of the produced platelets are stored in the spleen?

A

30%

87
Q

how many percent of the platelets produced goes into the blood?

A

70%

88
Q

a disorder where splenectomy is needed

A

hemolytic anemia and leukemia

89
Q

T or F

A splenectomy decreases the patient’s platelet count

A

F (increases)

90
Q

excessive bleeding, petechiae, and hematoma formation are common symptoms of

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

91
Q

the consequence of a splenectomy is increase in ____________________ in the RBCs

A

abnormal inclusions

92
Q

this is the pitting function of the spleen

A

remove inclusions

93
Q

RBCs are screened by which organ to determine whether they are to be lysed or not?

A

spleen

94
Q

enumerate the environmental characteristics of the spleen that senile RBCs cannot withstand?

A

acidic
low in glucose
less oxygen

95
Q

these are widely distributed in the splenic cords, and they regulate which RBCs are ready to be removed once they enter the spleen

A

macrophages

96
Q

these are antibodies produced against protein band 3 aggregates

A

antibodies (IgG)

97
Q

when the IgG adheres and coats the senile RBC, this attracts macrophages which contains a ______ receptor

A

F-C

98
Q

when an RBC membrane becomse loose due to old age, it releases _____________________

A

phosphatidylserine

99
Q

Senile RBCs experience a change in the structure of CD___ which binds to ____________________, signaling the macrophage to kill it

A

CD 47, thrombospondin-1

100
Q

the collection of splenic arterioles and venules is very tight, forming a ____________, trapping senile RBCs which leads to ______________

A

splenic sieve, hemolytic anemia

101
Q

hemolysis that happens outside the blood vessel

A

extravascular anemia

102
Q

two types of pulps in the splenic tissue

A

white pulp and red pulp

103
Q

cells that are found in the white pulp of the splenic tissue

A

lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

104
Q

what separates the vascular sinuses in the red pulp of the splenic tissue

  • also contains many macrophages
A

cords of Billroth

105
Q

These composes the marginal zones

A

blood vessels
macrophages
memory B cells and T helper cells (CD4+)

106
Q

what type of cells predominantly surrounds our arteries

A

t cells

107
Q

the white pulp predominantly consists of

A

activated B-cells

108
Q

what is the culling function of the spleen

A

removal of abnormal erythrocytes

109
Q

T or F

you may donate either of the lobes of your liver even if it is cirrhotic

A

F (you cannot donate any of your lobes if you are cirrhotic)

110
Q

T or F

the two lobes of your liver shares a single hepatocyte

A

F (each lobe contains hepatocytes)

111
Q

all of the blood supply in the liver is collected by the _________ and then it goes back to the circulation

A

central vein

112
Q

roles of the liver

A
  1. site of blood production during fetal life
  2. Protein synthesis (+clotting factors)
  3. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
  4. hemoglobin degradation
113
Q

familiarize the steps of hemoglobin degradation

A

pls open the transes ehe thanks labyu

114
Q

what are the two end product of heme degradation?

A

urobilin and stercobilin

115
Q

gives the brown color of fecal matter

A

stercobilin

Hematology 1 (14 decks)

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