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Hematology 1 > (P) Week 2: Hematopoiesis PART 2 > Flashcards

(P) Week 2: Hematopoiesis PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

refers to how big is the nucleus in comparison to the space in the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

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2
Q

T or F

N:C ratio
Nucleus is increasing in size, therefore making the space in the cytoplasm smaller

A

F (decreasing nucleus size, larger cytoplasm)

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3
Q

Which stages of RBC precursor cells no longer has a nucleus

A

Reticulocytes and Mature red cells

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4
Q

The only stage where the cytoplasm space is larger than the nucleus

A

Metarubricyte

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5
Q

Term for nuclear death / degradation

A

Karyorexis

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasmic color of the RBC precursor cells before it becomes redder as it matures

A

basophilic (blue nucleus)

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7
Q

Why does the cytoplasmic color turns redder as the RBC matures?

A

there’s more hemoglobin content

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8
Q

which RBC development stage does heme and globin formation start?

A

rubriblast

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9
Q

where is heme synthesized?

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

globin is synthesized by

A

ribosomes

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11
Q

where does heme and globin meet to become a hemoglobin?

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q

T or F

A compact chromatin structure pertains to an alive nucleus

A

F (dying nucleus aggregates and create a highly compact structure)

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13
Q

Which stages of RBC maturation have cell divisions?

A
  1. Rubriblast
  2. Prorubricyte
  3. rubricyte
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14
Q

how many RBCs are produced from a single rubriblast?

A

16 (based on the number of cell divisions)

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15
Q

stage of RBC maturation where hemoglobin becomes complete

A

Rubricyte

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16
Q

Particular RBC maturation stage where nuclear extrusion / removal occurs

A

Metarubricyte

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17
Q

last stage of hemoglobin formation because there’s still remnants of mitochondria and ribosomes

A

Reticulocyte

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18
Q

T or F

You can no longer synthesize hemoglobin if the stage lacks a nucleus

A

F (you may continue hemoglobin synthesis as long as there’s still mitochondria and ribosomes)

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19
Q

reticulocytes stays in the bone marrow for ___ days held by _______

A

2days, held by fibronectin

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20
Q

what reduces the fibronectin that holds the reticulocytes in the bone marrow, so that it could enter the circulation

A

EPO

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21
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte concentration in the adult individual?

A

0.5-1.5% only (some books say maximum 2%)

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22
Q

term for excessive reticulocytes

A

reticulocytosis

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23
Q

what is the term for early released reticulocytes which takes time to mature

A

shift / stressed reticulocyte

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24
Q

T or F

There’s still hemoglobin synthesis in the mature red cell to maintain its red color

A

F (NO hemoglobin synthesis)

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25
Q

term for the change in shape of the RBC from the normal shape

A

poikilocytosis

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26
Q

Which of the following is the most mature normoblast?
a. orthochromatic normoblast
b. Basophilic normoblast
c. pronormoblast
d. polychromatic normoblast

A

a

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27
Q

What is the organ that gradually removes the remnants of mitochondria and ribosomes in the reticulocyte?

A

pitting function of the spleen

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28
Q

Which among the red cell precursors has almost 1:1 ratio, with a murky gray-blue cytoplasmic hue and no distinct nucleoli
a. metarubricyte
b. rubricyte
c. reticulocyte
d. prorubricyte

A

rubricyte

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29
Q

What is the growth factor of RBCs?

A

EPO

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30
Q

What are the two growth factors of leukocytopoiesis

A

CSF-G and CSF-M

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31
Q

what does CSF-G stand for?

A

Colony Stimulating Factor - Granulocytes

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32
Q

what does CSF-M stand for?

A

Colony Stimulating Factor - monocytes

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33
Q

Enumerate the five stages of granulocytopoiesis

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band / stab cell
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34
Q

What are the three mature granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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35
Q

there are ______ nuclear divisions in granulocytopiesis

A

5-6

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36
Q

which stages of granulocytopoiesis are considered to be the mitotic pool?

A

myeloblast
promyelocyte
myelocyte

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37
Q

These stages of granulocytopoiesis are called the maturation pool

A

metamyelocyte
band/stab cell
segmenters

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38
Q

T or F

cell size in granulocytopoiesis is decreasing as it matures

A

T

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39
Q

which stages of granulocytopoiesis have clearly visible nucleoli

A

myeloblast and promyelocyte

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40
Q

_________ has non visible nucleoli

A

myelocyte

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41
Q

Only ______ __________ has absolutely no cytoplasmic granules

A

Type 1

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42
Q

type ___ myeloblast has <20 cytoplasmic granules

A

2

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43
Q

type ___ myeloblast has >20 cytoplasmic granules

A

3

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44
Q

what gives myelocyte a lilac color on its granules?

A

secondary granules

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45
Q

which granulocytopoiesis stages have blue cytoplasm

A

myeloblast

46
Q

what are synthesized during the promyelocyte stage?

A

primary granules / azurophilic granulocyte

47
Q

T or F

We may be able to tell what type of granulocyte will be formed as early as promyelocyte

A

F (as early as myelocyte)

48
Q

what is the color of neutrophil’s granules

A

Lilac

49
Q

what is the color of basophil’s granules

A

blue-black

50
Q

what is the color of eosinophil’s granules?

A

red

51
Q

what stage of granulopoiesis is called as the dawn of neutrophilia?

A

myelocyte

52
Q

Which stage divides?
a. myeloblast
b. myelocyte
c. both
d. neither

A

c

53
Q

this structure connects the lobulations of a singular nucleus

A

filaments

54
Q

This granulocyte has 3-5 lobes

A

neutrophils

55
Q

high neutrophil count indicates ?

A

bacterial infection (my yummy matcha bread)

56
Q

what do you call a neutrophil with more than 5 lobes?

A

hypersegmented neutrophil

57
Q

this granulocyte has 2-3 lobes with red granules

A

eosinophil

58
Q

what does high eosinophil count indicate?

A

parasitic infection

59
Q

this granulocyte has 2-3 lobes with blue-black granules

A

basophil

60
Q

what does high basophil count indicate?

A

allergic reaction

61
Q

what is the half life of neutrophils in the blood

A

7hrs

62
Q

what is the half life of eosinophil in blood and in tissue?

A

blood 18 hrs
tissue 2-5 days

63
Q

what is the lifespan of basophils

A

60 hrs

64
Q

what are the three stages of monocytopoiesis

A
  1. monoblast
  2. promonocyte
  3. mature and immature monocyte
65
Q

T or F

monocytopoeisis stages have alternating color and chromatin structure from beginning to the end

A

F (same color and chromatin structure)

66
Q

what do vaculation indicate?

A

the monocyte has already eaten and it’s old

67
Q

what do you call monocyte that is in the blood?

A

monocyte

68
Q

what do you call monocytes in the tissue?

A

macrophage / histiocytes

69
Q

macrophage in brain tissue

A

microglial cells

70
Q

macrophage in the dermis

A

Langerhans cells

71
Q

macrophage in the liver

A

kuppfer cells

72
Q

macrophage in the lungs

A

alveolar macrophage

73
Q

macrophage in the synovial fluid

A

synovial A cells

74
Q

what is the end stage cell of monocytopoiesis in the tissue?

A

macrophage

75
Q

T or F

monocytopoiesis stages have increasing cell size

A

T

76
Q

What is the cytoplasmic color of all stages of monocytopoiesis?

A

red-blue grayish

77
Q

which monocytopoiesis stages have visible nucleoli?

A

monoblast and promonocyte

78
Q

T or F

monocytopoiesis stages have increasing N:C ratios as it matures

A

F (decreasing)

79
Q

What is the cytoplasmic color shared by all lymphocyte precursor cells?

A

basophilic

80
Q

which lymphocyte precursor cells have visible nucleoli?

A

lymphoblast and prolymphocyte

81
Q

T or F

Lymphocyte precursor cells have increasing cell sizes?

A

F (decreasing)

82
Q

Lymphocyte precursor cells have ______ N:C ratios

A

decreasing

83
Q

T or F

Small lymphocytes have no cytoplasmic granules

A

T

84
Q

T or F

Large lymphocytes have eosinophilic granules

A

F (basophilic granules)

85
Q

What are the two types of small lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells

86
Q

What is under large lymphocytes?

A

NK cells / lymphokine activated killer cell

87
Q

Three stages of lymphocytes in the bone marro

A
  1. lymphoblast
  2. prolymphocyte
  3. lymphocyte
88
Q

which organ do lymphocytes go to from the bone marrow in order to mature?

A

thymus

89
Q

This organ has recognition of self antigen and is considered to be the training ground of lymphocytes before being differentiated into t cells, b cells, or nk cells

A

thymus

90
Q

What are the two further differentiation of T and B cells?

A

memory and plasma cells

91
Q

What are the four stages of megakaryocytopoiesis?

A
  1. megakaryoblast
  2. promegakaryocyte
  3. megakaryocyte
  4. metamegakaryocyte
92
Q

T or F

megakaryocyte cells decrease in size as they mature

A

f (increase)

93
Q

T or F

megakaryocytopoiesis have decreasing N:C ratio

A

T

94
Q

what is the term for when cytoplasm is not dividing, nucleus is increasing in number only

A

endomitotic division

95
Q

how many nucleus number does a megakaryoblast have?

A

1

96
Q

how many nucleus number does a promegakaryocyte have?

A

2

97
Q

how many nucleus number does a megakaryocyte have?

A

2 or 4 (it cannot be odd)

98
Q

how many nucleus number does a metamegakaryocyte have?

A

4 or more until 32 (dapat even numbers lang)

99
Q

how many days does it take for a megakaryoblast to become a metamegakaryocyte?

A

5 to 7 days

100
Q

these are protrusions seen in a maturing platelet

A

cytoplasmic tags

101
Q

T or F

Cytoplasmic can be visualized by both a light microscope and an electron microscope

A

F (electron only)

102
Q

T or F

as the granules increase, the demarcation lines also increase

A

T

103
Q

Platelets come from the fragmentation of the _______________

A

metamegakaryocyte

104
Q

what are the 2 theories of platelet release

A

a. platelet shedding theory
b. platelet budding / fragmentation theory

105
Q

Where do platelets bud out according to the fragmentation theory

A

from the megakaryocytic cytoplasm

106
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

wound healing

107
Q

how many days do platelets last in the bloodstream for?

A

7-10 days

108
Q

how many percent of platelets will g o to the spleen to be sequestered

A

30%

109
Q

how many percent of platelets will stay in circulation?

A

70%

110
Q

Congrats for finishing the hematopoiesis cards !! (if ur a concrete sequential learner like nath) i

f you see this card send nath your favorite cat meme

A

thanks xoxo

Hematology 1 (28 decks)

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