(P) Week 2: Hematopoiesis PART 2 Flashcards
refers to how big is the nucleus in comparison to the space in the cytoplasm
Nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
T or F
N:C ratio
Nucleus is increasing in size, therefore making the space in the cytoplasm smaller
F (decreasing nucleus size, larger cytoplasm)
Which stages of RBC precursor cells no longer has a nucleus
Reticulocytes and Mature red cells
The only stage where the cytoplasm space is larger than the nucleus
Metarubricyte
Term for nuclear death / degradation
Karyorexis
What is the cytoplasmic color of the RBC precursor cells before it becomes redder as it matures
basophilic (blue nucleus)
Why does the cytoplasmic color turns redder as the RBC matures?
there’s more hemoglobin content
which RBC development stage does heme and globin formation start?
rubriblast
where is heme synthesized?
mitochondria
globin is synthesized by
ribosomes
where does heme and globin meet to become a hemoglobin?
cytoplasm
T or F
A compact chromatin structure pertains to an alive nucleus
F (dying nucleus aggregates and create a highly compact structure)
Which stages of RBC maturation have cell divisions?
- Rubriblast
- Prorubricyte
- rubricyte
how many RBCs are produced from a single rubriblast?
16 (based on the number of cell divisions)
stage of RBC maturation where hemoglobin becomes complete
Rubricyte
Particular RBC maturation stage where nuclear extrusion / removal occurs
Metarubricyte
last stage of hemoglobin formation because there’s still remnants of mitochondria and ribosomes
Reticulocyte
T or F
You can no longer synthesize hemoglobin if the stage lacks a nucleus
F (you may continue hemoglobin synthesis as long as there’s still mitochondria and ribosomes)
reticulocytes stays in the bone marrow for ___ days held by _______
2days, held by fibronectin
what reduces the fibronectin that holds the reticulocytes in the bone marrow, so that it could enter the circulation
EPO
What is the normal reticulocyte concentration in the adult individual?
0.5-1.5% only (some books say maximum 2%)
term for excessive reticulocytes
reticulocytosis
what is the term for early released reticulocytes which takes time to mature
shift / stressed reticulocyte
T or F
There’s still hemoglobin synthesis in the mature red cell to maintain its red color
F (NO hemoglobin synthesis)
term for the change in shape of the RBC from the normal shape
poikilocytosis
Which of the following is the most mature normoblast?
a. orthochromatic normoblast
b. Basophilic normoblast
c. pronormoblast
d. polychromatic normoblast
a
What is the organ that gradually removes the remnants of mitochondria and ribosomes in the reticulocyte?
pitting function of the spleen
Which among the red cell precursors has almost 1:1 ratio, with a murky gray-blue cytoplasmic hue and no distinct nucleoli
a. metarubricyte
b. rubricyte
c. reticulocyte
d. prorubricyte
rubricyte
What is the growth factor of RBCs?
EPO
What are the two growth factors of leukocytopoiesis
CSF-G and CSF-M
what does CSF-G stand for?
Colony Stimulating Factor - Granulocytes
what does CSF-M stand for?
Colony Stimulating Factor - monocytes
Enumerate the five stages of granulocytopoiesis
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Band / stab cell
What are the three mature granulocytes?
neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
there are ______ nuclear divisions in granulocytopiesis
5-6
which stages of granulocytopoiesis are considered to be the mitotic pool?
myeloblast
promyelocyte
myelocyte
These stages of granulocytopoiesis are called the maturation pool
metamyelocyte
band/stab cell
segmenters
T or F
cell size in granulocytopoiesis is decreasing as it matures
T
which stages of granulocytopoiesis have clearly visible nucleoli
myeloblast and promyelocyte
_________ has non visible nucleoli
myelocyte
Only ______ __________ has absolutely no cytoplasmic granules
Type 1
type ___ myeloblast has <20 cytoplasmic granules
2
type ___ myeloblast has >20 cytoplasmic granules
3
what gives myelocyte a lilac color on its granules?
secondary granules
which granulocytopoiesis stages have blue cytoplasm
myeloblast
what are synthesized during the promyelocyte stage?
primary granules / azurophilic granulocyte
T or F
We may be able to tell what type of granulocyte will be formed as early as promyelocyte
F (as early as myelocyte)
what is the color of neutrophil’s granules
Lilac
what is the color of basophil’s granules
blue-black
what is the color of eosinophil’s granules?
red
what stage of granulopoiesis is called as the dawn of neutrophilia?
myelocyte
Which stage divides?
a. myeloblast
b. myelocyte
c. both
d. neither
c
this structure connects the lobulations of a singular nucleus
filaments
This granulocyte has 3-5 lobes
neutrophils
high neutrophil count indicates ?
bacterial infection (my yummy matcha bread)
what do you call a neutrophil with more than 5 lobes?
hypersegmented neutrophil
this granulocyte has 2-3 lobes with red granules
eosinophil
what does high eosinophil count indicate?
parasitic infection
this granulocyte has 2-3 lobes with blue-black granules
basophil
what does high basophil count indicate?
allergic reaction
what is the half life of neutrophils in the blood
7hrs
what is the half life of eosinophil in blood and in tissue?
blood 18 hrs
tissue 2-5 days
what is the lifespan of basophils
60 hrs
what are the three stages of monocytopoiesis
- monoblast
- promonocyte
- mature and immature monocyte
T or F
monocytopoeisis stages have alternating color and chromatin structure from beginning to the end
F (same color and chromatin structure)
what do vaculation indicate?
the monocyte has already eaten and it’s old
what do you call monocyte that is in the blood?
monocyte
what do you call monocytes in the tissue?
macrophage / histiocytes
macrophage in brain tissue
microglial cells
macrophage in the dermis
Langerhans cells
macrophage in the liver
kuppfer cells
macrophage in the lungs
alveolar macrophage
macrophage in the synovial fluid
synovial A cells
what is the end stage cell of monocytopoiesis in the tissue?
macrophage
T or F
monocytopoiesis stages have increasing cell size
T
What is the cytoplasmic color of all stages of monocytopoiesis?
red-blue grayish
which monocytopoiesis stages have visible nucleoli?
monoblast and promonocyte
T or F
monocytopoiesis stages have increasing N:C ratios as it matures
F (decreasing)
What is the cytoplasmic color shared by all lymphocyte precursor cells?
basophilic
which lymphocyte precursor cells have visible nucleoli?
lymphoblast and prolymphocyte
T or F
Lymphocyte precursor cells have increasing cell sizes?
F (decreasing)
Lymphocyte precursor cells have ______ N:C ratios
decreasing
T or F
Small lymphocytes have no cytoplasmic granules
T
T or F
Large lymphocytes have eosinophilic granules
F (basophilic granules)
What are the two types of small lymphocytes?
T and B cells
What is under large lymphocytes?
NK cells / lymphokine activated killer cell
Three stages of lymphocytes in the bone marro
- lymphoblast
- prolymphocyte
- lymphocyte
which organ do lymphocytes go to from the bone marrow in order to mature?
thymus
This organ has recognition of self antigen and is considered to be the training ground of lymphocytes before being differentiated into t cells, b cells, or nk cells
thymus
What are the two further differentiation of T and B cells?
memory and plasma cells
What are the four stages of megakaryocytopoiesis?
- megakaryoblast
- promegakaryocyte
- megakaryocyte
- metamegakaryocyte
T or F
megakaryocyte cells decrease in size as they mature
f (increase)
T or F
megakaryocytopoiesis have decreasing N:C ratio
T
what is the term for when cytoplasm is not dividing, nucleus is increasing in number only
endomitotic division
how many nucleus number does a megakaryoblast have?
1
how many nucleus number does a promegakaryocyte have?
2
how many nucleus number does a megakaryocyte have?
2 or 4 (it cannot be odd)
how many nucleus number does a metamegakaryocyte have?
4 or more until 32 (dapat even numbers lang)
how many days does it take for a megakaryoblast to become a metamegakaryocyte?
5 to 7 days
these are protrusions seen in a maturing platelet
cytoplasmic tags
T or F
Cytoplasmic can be visualized by both a light microscope and an electron microscope
F (electron only)
T or F
as the granules increase, the demarcation lines also increase
T
Platelets come from the fragmentation of the _______________
metamegakaryocyte
what are the 2 theories of platelet release
a. platelet shedding theory
b. platelet budding / fragmentation theory
Where do platelets bud out according to the fragmentation theory
from the megakaryocytic cytoplasm
what is the function of platelets?
wound healing
how many days do platelets last in the bloodstream for?
7-10 days
how many percent of platelets will g o to the spleen to be sequestered
30%
how many percent of platelets will stay in circulation?
70%
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