(P) Week 3: RBC function Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Enumerate the general characteristics of normal RBC
A
- Bi concave disc
- with central pallor
- Average volume of 90 fL(fentoliter)
- 6-8 micrometer in diameter
- 1.5-2.5 micrometer in thickness
- No cytoplasmic inclusions
2
Q
abnormal shaped RBC
A
Poikilocytosis
3
Q
depression in the center of the RBC where the nucleus was located
A
central pallor
4
Q
normal percentage of the central pallor size
A
30-45% of the total diameter of the rbc
other souces say not more than 3um or 1/3 of the total diameter
5
Q
RBC where the central pallor is smaller or absent
found in megaloblastic anemia
A
hyperchromic red cells
6
Q
RBC’s central pallor is larger than the reference value
found in iron-deficiency anemia
A
hypochromic red cells
7
Q
what is the ave diameter of a RBC
A
7.2-7.5 micrometers (range is 6-8 micrometers)
8
Q
RBC that has a diameter of below 6 micrometers
A
microcytic RBC
9
Q
RBC that has a diameter of more than 8 micrometers
A
macrocytic rbcs
10
Q
RBC have varying size in general
A
anisocytosis
11
Q
what is the average surface area of a rbc
A
140 micrometers
12
Q
the ability of a RBC to be flexible
A
deformability
13
Q
components of a RBC
A
membrane structure
Hgb stability
energy production
14
Q
hemolysis that occurs outside the blood vessels, usually within the reticuloendothelial system such as the spleen and liver
A
extravascular hemolysis
15
Q
red cell destruction in the blood vessels
A
intravascular hemolysis
16
Q
What are the components of a RBC membrane
A
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
17
Q
what are the two types of proteins that make up the protein part of the RBC membrane
A
transmembrane (integral proteins) and the peripheral proteins
18
Q
this is the point of attachment, vital to the stability of the RBC membrane structure
A
peripheral proteins
19
Q
proteins that passes through the bi-lipid layer
A
transmembrane
20
Q
lipids that make up the rbc membrane includes
A
cholesterol and phospolipid
21
Q
the lipid bi-layer cosists of ______ heads and a ______ tail.
A
polar head
non-polar tail
22
Q
The polar heads of the
phospholipid bi-layer is______
non-polar tail is ______
A
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
23
Q
provides additional cushion in the red cell membrane, is situated within the lipid layer
A
cholesterol
24
Q
disorder where cholesterol membrane is affected due to lack of beta-lipoprotein
A
abetalipoproteinemia
25
vital for the continuous metabolism of cholesterol
beta-lipoprotein
26
a kind of poikilocytosis associated with abetalipoproteinemia as there is a deviation in the shape of the RBC
acanthocytosis
27
Transmembrane proteins carry the blood group antigens, they are the one that dictates our blood types
Blood group Ag
28
what do you lack if you do not have a GPI anchor
GPI-linked protein
29
defective __________ is associated with an oblong / oval ellipsoidal RBC
Spectrin-Ankyrin-Protein-Band 4.1
30
Issues with Spectrin-Ankyrin-Protein-Band 4.1 leads to this disease characterized with oval shaped RBCs
elliptocytosis
31
3 diseases associated with defective Spectrin-Ankyrin-Protein-Band 4.1
Hereditary elliptocytosis, pyropoikilocytosis, and leach phenotype
32
defective ____________ causes the RBC to become loose and form abnormal blebs or mud-like structures.
Spectrin-Ankyrin-Protein-Band 3-4.2
33
what kind of abnormal shape is observed if the problem is Spectrin Ankyrin-PB3-PB4.2.
spherocytes or hereditary spherocytosis
34
Defective _________ may be associated with hereditary ovalocytosis / southeast asia ovalocytosis
Spectrin Ankyrin-PB3
35
Spectrin protein is made up of which two chains?
alpha and beta chain
36
responsible for the formation of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol linked proteins (GPI-linked proteins) in our RBC
PIGA gene
37
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglubinuria (PNH) is due to the deficiency of the of the following:
PIGA gene
CD 55
CD 59
38
also known as the Decaying Accelerating Factor
CD 55
39
also known as the Membrane Inhibitor Reactive Lysis Protein
CD 59
40
What is that condition that is associated with
problems with your GPI protein?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
41
means that sometimes there are visible symptoms in the patient or sometimes there are none
paroxysmal
42
a condition where the red cells are destroyed and hemoglobin are liberated in the blood and is reflected on the urine
hemoglobinuria
43
other name for protectin
MAC inhibitor protein
44
prevents the complete formation of the
“membrane attack complex”, (known also as
C5b6789)
MAC inhibitor protein or protectin
45
how does the MAC inhibitor protein or protectin prevent the formation of the membrane attack complex
preventing the attachment of c9 protein
46
where are complement proteins normally found?
plasma or blood
47
_________ fights bacteria alongside WBCs by coating the it and punching a hole on the bacterial membrane
complement proteins
48
How does the RBCs protect themselves from being collateral damage from complementary proteins attacking bacteria?
CD 55 and 59 protects the RBC
49
What state/ form does our hemoglobin take form in to prevent being precipitated?
fluid / reduced state
50
how many globin chains is in a single hemoglobin
2 pairs
51
how many heme is found in a single hemoglobin
four
52
a vital part of the hemoglobin molecule that helps in the normal and efficient release of oxygen from the hemoglobin of the tissue
2,3 DPG
53
where is the 2,3 DPG synthesized
embden meyrehof metabolic pathway (Rapaport-Leubering pathway to be more specific)
54
An inclusion formed in the hemoglobin due to oxidization
Heinz bodies
55
In what state does heme have to be so that our body may absorb its iron content?
Ferrous state (Fe^2+)
56
What are the two components of heme?
protoporphyrin IX
Fe^2+
57
what enzyme aids the insertion of Fe^2+ into the protoporphyrin IX
ferrochelatase
58
T or F
Iron is absorbed in the ferric state (Fe^3+) from our diet
F (ingested only in the ferric state but it is then converted to the ferrous state to be absorbed)
59
State in which iron is stored
ferritin
60
ferritin is composed of this protein along with a ferric iron
apoferritin
61
apoferritin is a special kind of protein present on some human cells that received iron from the blood-ferritin transport protein known as __________
Transferrin
62
alpha and zeta genes are found in
chromosome 16
63
Beta, delta, gamma, and epsilon genes are carried by
chromosome 11
64
We can measure how much is our A1, A2, and F through
electrophoresis
65
the molecular structure of the globin chains forms a _________ appearance which forms loops and folds within it called helices
quarternary appearance
66
When you see this card please study heme formation
familiarize the stps:
1. glycine + succinyl CoA
2. Goes outside the cytoplasm, and is changed into porphobilinogen by d-Amino-levulinic acid
3. transformed to hydroxymethyl bilane by PB deaminase
4. changed into Uroporphyrinogen III by Uro II synthase
5. changed to coproporphyrinogen III by Uro III decarboxylase (enters the mitochondria again)
6. Transformed into Protoporphyrinoggen III by CP III oxidase
7. end point is heme ring / Protoporphyrin IX by protoporpyrin III oxidase enzyme
67
T or F
Heme ring is not considered as a heme because it contains iron
T
| Heme ring = no iron
heme = iron baby
68
The transport protein for iron
Transferrin
69
What is the form of iron in the blood?
ferric
70
the binding of the transferrin protein
transferrin ferric complex
71
term used when transferrin passed the iron to the apoferritin
apoferritin ferric complex
72
maturing red cells esp rubriblast will adhere to the _________ to ask for iron
macrophages
73
which phase does the formation of hemoglobin (binding of the heme and globin) in the cytoplasm occur ?
rubricyte stage
74
what is the last stage wherein hemoglobin is formed
reticulocyte
75
type of porphyria where ferrochelatase is affected, it is dominant, photosensitive, an increase in protoporphyrin is observed in the blood and feces
erythropoetic porphyria
76
type of porphyria that lacks uro III synthase, and is recessive
congenital erythropoietic porphyria
77
type of porphyria that lacks ALA-synthase, passed down as an X-linked trait
X-linked protoporphyria
78
T or F
porphyrins will be excreted by the body as the formation of heme is interrupted by the affected enzymes
F (it will accumulate)
79
a heme kinetic problem that will lead to severe anemia and photophobia, aka Vampire disorder
porphyria
80
porphyrins are seen and deposited to _____ and _____ in porphyria
teeth and urine
81
2 metabolic pathways that the red cells utilize
Embden Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
Hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP)
82
Glycolitic pathway whose main responsibility is to produce energy anaerobically from antioxidants derived from drugs and toxic substances
EMP
83
how many ATPs are used by the EMP
2
84
How many ATPs are produced by the EMP?
4
85
What is the net ATP of EMP?
2 (4 are produced BUTTT 2 are used, therefore making the net ATP 2 lang :>)
86
enzymes used in the first phase of EMP glucose metabolism
hexokinase
gluconate phosphate isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
(Hey gurl posey)
87
enzymes used in the second phase of EMP glucose metabolism
Aldolase
Triose Phosphate isomerase
Phosphoglycerate
(ATP)
88
enzymes used in the third phase of EMP glucose metabolism
3-phosphoglycerate mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase
lactate dehydrogenase
three enormous pussy lactate ehe
89
what is the end point of glucose metabolism
lactate
90
T or F
the embden myerhof pathway does not use any oxygen
T
91
ATP will not be produced if you have what type of deficiency, therefore stopping the rbc metabolism
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
92
around how many percent of the glucose enter the embden-meyerhof pathway for energy production
90-95%
93
pyruvate kinase deficiency changes the rbc into what abnormal shapes?
burr cells / acanthocytes
94
What is the main objective of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?
produce energy
95
The site of synthesis for 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
Rapport-leubering pathway
96
This is a very important hemoglobin component, it pushed out the oxygen from our hemoglobin to the tissues
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
97
what is the condition secondary to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate deficiency
hypoxia
98
A hemoglobin that carries a ferric (Fe3+) iron
methemoglobin
99
Iron becomes ferric due to exposure to toxic substances such as ______ and _______
nitrates and nitrites
100
What will you feel if your methemoglobin is at 1%
nothing, you're still fine as methemoglobin should be around <1
101
what will you feel if methemoglobin levels reaches 3%
cyanosis and hypoxia
102
This enzyme allows the iron in its ferric state return to its ferrous state, as well as provides protection against oxidant present in the food we eat
methemoglobin reductase enzyme
103
this pathway is responsible for reducing the ferric iron into ferrous iron within the heme
methemoglobin reductase pathway
104
other name for methemoglobin reductase
cytochrome b5 reductase
105
you've reached the 105th card if you're a concrete sequential learner !!
pray for nath's sanity as she tries to keep the cards up to date !!!
