(P) Week 4: WBC Functions and kinetics Part 1 Flashcards
two types of immunity
natural / innate immunity
adaptive / acquired immunity
T or F
only the first line of immunity is under natural or innate immunity
F (first and second lines of defense)
What line of immunity is under acquired / adaptive immunity
third line
1st / 2nd / 3rd line of defense
physical barriers
biochemical barriers
neurologic response
urination
diarrhea
first line
1st / 2nd / 3rd line of defense
Phagocytosis
LGL’s cytotoxicity
Inflammatory response
Complement systems
- (alternative and lectin pathway)
plasma proteins
second line of defense
1st / 2nd / 3rd line of defense
Antigen-presenting cells
immunocytes
complement system
(classical pathway, y-interferon, interleukins)
third line
T or F
Schistosoma Japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, and schistosoma haematobium are blood flakes that can penetrate through the skin
F (Blood FLUKES)
a specific stage of parasite that can penetrate intact skin
fork-tailed cercaria
hookworm species that can penetrate through skin
necator americanus
ancylostoma duodenale
body secretions that act as biochemical barriers contains what type of enzyme
lysozyme enzyme
The ____________ are effective in killing and digesting
organism that harbors and colonized tissues,
however they are not that effective in eradicating
organism that already lives and multiply inside cells
like the viruses
phagocytes
Viruses that evaded the phagocytes and already
lived inside the cell will be eradicated by the
human body’s __________________
third line of defense
what does LGL stand for?
large granular lymphocytes
what are the three different kinds of LGL`
NK cell
K cell
LAK cell (lymphokine activated killer)
These have the capability to eradicate tumor and cancer cells
LGLs
these can kill virally-infected cells
LGLs
T or F
memory T cells and memory B cells are are natural immunity
F (acquired)
Enumerate the three antigen presenting cells
macrophages
b-cells
dendritic cells
enumerate the three immunocytes
T-cell
b-cell
plasma cells
the third line of defense’s complement pathway’s components are:
classical pathway
y-interferon
interleukins
t or F
adaptive immunity has memory
T
two classification of wbc according to function
Phagocyte and non-phagocyte
two classification of wbc according to granulation
granulocyte and non-granulocyte
two classification of wbc according to lobulation
polymorphonuclear and mononuclear
enumerate phagocytic wbcs:
neutro
eos
baso
mono
enumerate nonphagocytic wbcs:
lymphocyte
enumerate wbcs with granulation:
neutro
eos
baso
enumerate wbcs without granulation:
lympho
mono
enumerate wbcs with lobulation:
neutron
eos
baso
enumerate mononuclear wbcs:
mono
lympho
classification of wbc that is able to ingest foreign material via degranulation
phagocyte
classification of wbc, also known as immunocytes
non phagocytes
t or f
immunocytes are able to ingest foreign material via degranulation
F (unable to ingest)
classification of WBC that has visible granulesin the cytoplasm
granulocyte
classification of WBC that has visible granules only under an electron microscope
non-granulocyte (absent visible granules under light microscope)
polymorphonuclear with 3-5 lobes
neutrophil
Abnormal neutrophil having only 2 lobes is called
Pelger-Huet anomaly
Abnormal neutrophil having more than 6 lobes is called
hypersegmented neutrophil / toxic hypersegmentation
how many lobes do eosinophils and basophils have?
2-3
type of wbc characterized with the absence of lobes/segmentation
Mononuclear
LGLs are categorized in _________ (granulocytes / non-granulocyte)
granulocytes
enumerate the steps of phagocytosis
(1) Margination
(2) Migration
(3) Chemotaxis
(4) Engulfment
(5) Digestion
(6) Excretion
defined as tissue under injury, part of our body defenses/immunity
Inflammation
The _____________ or also known as “cell eating” is commonly part of the inflammatory response that the body experience
phagocytosis
three phases of inflammation:
Vascular response– 1st
Cellular response– 2nd
Tissue repair– 3rd
increased blood of flow to the site of injury is very important to ___________________
recruit more WBCs
pertains to increased amount of blood in
the vessels of an organ or tissue
in the body
hyperemia
redness or ____________ is a sign that the body is having an inflammation
rubor
why does the blood vessel constrict after vasodilation in cases of injury / inflammation
to allow the transferring or migration of
the WBCs
where do the wbc migrate to after vasoconstrict?
interstitial tissues
what are the chemicals that allow our blood vessel to constrict?
serotonin
prostaglandin (may dilate or constrict)
thromboxane A2
T or F
During vascular response, when the blood
vessels dilate, there is an increase of vascular
permeability
T
plasma leakage is important as it lets in proteins with _____________ characteristics
antimicrobial
What is the consequence whenever the plasma will now leak on our tissue?
edema / tumor
When plasma leaks, it tries to absorb back into our capillaries, but there is ________, contributing to the pain felt when there’s an inflammation
tension
is one of our pain
chemicals in order for us to be aware that
there is a problem with that specific
component of our body.
Prostaglandin
pain is also known as
“dulor”
5 Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation
Rubor=redness
Dolor=pain
Tumor=swelling or edema
Calor=heat
Loss of Function
what process will begin in cellular response
phagocytosis process
These WBC cells protect us from
organisms that are penetrating
outside of the cell.
Monocytes or macrophages
If the inflammation is acute or in an early phase
of inflammation, the predominating WBC that is
responding in acute inflammatory response will
be the
neutrophils
predominating WBC during
chronic inflammatory response will be
monocytes or macrophages
how many % of the neutrophils will try to adhere on the blood vessel wall during margination?
50
why is margining the blood vessel wall first step in phagocytosis?
because wbc has to migrate
The WBCs like macrophages and
neutrophils can move because of this
process.
They have the capability to do
diapedesis or pseudopodia
two different movements of WBCs:
Progressive or Directional Movement
Random Movement
When the WBC does not want to move, there is
no random movement or directional movement, we call it as
“lazy leucocytes syndrome”
certain movements of the WBCs that
is impaired wherein the problem is the
directional movement.
“job’s syndrome” / “hyper IgE syndrome”.
This is necessary for successful margination
of WBCs during phagocytosis.
“adhesion molecules”
This will lead to ________ phagocytic
function of our WBCs as a result of
poor adhesion of our WBCs
abnormal
enumerate the steps in the adhesion molecule process
- rolling
- activation
- adhesion
- migration
bacterium proteins will mix with our
issue fluids, and this will signal our WBCs
what are these signals called?
chemotactic signals
chemotactic signals can be:
cellular debris,
immune complexes, and
exposure of phosphatidylserine molecules,
bacterial proteins,
viral proteins,
complement fragments
Chemotactic agents may be produced by
damaged cells
leukocytes (like lymphocytes)
other phagocytes
They are aggregated (cluster) immunoglobulins
- This occurs occasionally in SLE, an
autoimmune disease, due to the excessive save
release of this antibody
immune complexes
immune complexes are too numerous in the plasma, therefore they stick together and deposit themselves on the ____________
blood vessel wall
receptors and ligands available in the blood vessel walls
selectins
selectin that will bind with the mucin like CAM
E-selectin
adheres on the selectins and a receptor present in our WBC
Mucin like cam
receptor which is present in
the WBCs membrane
. This will bind to
integrin-CAM
Integrin
Integrin-CAM– which is provided in our
__________
blood vessel wall
Chemoattractant receptor binds with ?
chemokine IL-6
pull / force found in the blood vessel
marginal pull and circulating
T or F
heparan sulfate is an example of the different chemicals released by endothelial cells allowing for margination of WBC in the blood vessel wall
T
expressed on activated endothelial cells and
platelets.
selectin that can be induced by thrombin, leukotriene B4, complement fragment C5a, histamine, TNFa or LPS
- these cytokines induce the externalization of Weibel-palade bodies
P-selectin
expressed on activated endothelial cells
synthesis of this selectin is induced by IL-1 and TNFa
- binds PSGL-1 and ESL-1
- only one
E-selectin
selectin that’s constitutively expressed on some leukocytes
known to bind GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1 and
CD34 as ligands
L – selectins
enumerate adhesion molecules
selectin
integrins
IL-16
Heparan sulfate
special protein needed for successful migration in phagocytosis
pecamproteins
- movement of the WBCs from one site
going to where the source of chemotactic signal is
Chemotaxis
type of Chemotaxis when the WBC traveled to
the right source of the bacteria/signal
essential for successful
Phagocytosis
Positive Chemotaxis
type of Chemotaxis When the WBCs didn’t
reach the right source/bacteria.
Negative Chemotaxis
As the phagocyte nears the foreign bodies it will open its cytoplasm and engulf it. As the
microorganism or foreign bodies are ingested it will be enclosed within a cytoplasmic vacuole forming a structure known as ___________
phagosome
how many bacteria are usually in a phagosomes vacuole?
15
how is the capability of the phagocyte to kill measured?
phagocytic index
Phagocytes (neutrophils) are very effective in
eradicating or clearing off all the organisms that are
colonizing (inside/outside) our cell.
outside
Organisms that
try to invade the cell then they multiply inside the cell
like virus.
Obligate intracellular organism
In the cytoplasm of our WBCs you can find granules,
some of them contains enzyme that has the
capability to digest or kill organisms and the process
is called as
Digestion
when does digestion occur?
when the secondary granules / lysosomal granules attach to the phagosome
the product when the lysosome
attaches to our phagosomes.
Phagolysosome
engulfment or digestion?
phagosome is formed
engulfment
engulfment or digestion?
phagolysosome formation
digestion
phagocytosis : cell eating
_____________ : cell drinking
pinocytosis
platelets release these two to contribute in the repair of the connective tissues and the smooth muscles in our blood vessels
growth factor
beta thromboglobulin
respiratory burst is also known as
oxidative burst
individuals with this disease have phagocytes that are unable to undergo oxidative burst
chronic granulomatous disease
T or F
oxidative burst can also kill bacteria
T
NADPH can be stained by
nitro blue tetrazolium
acute myeloid leukemia may be stained with
peroxidase stain
please read on the process of the oxidative burst / respiratory burst
go na
