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Hematology 1 > (P) Week 3: RBC function Part 2 > Flashcards

(P) Week 3: RBC function Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main objective of the hexose monophosphate pathway

A

produce reduced glutathione

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2
Q

____________ protects the molecular structure of our hemoglobin by acting against accumulating oxidants and peroxides which destroys cells and deteriorate hemoglobin

A

glutathione

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3
Q

What is the first enzyme involved in the Hexose monophosphate pathway

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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4
Q

the hemoglobin of individuals with _______________ deficiency is solid, unstable, will crystallize, and precipitate in the cytoplasm of the red cell

A

G6PD deficiency

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5
Q

a large body formation / inclusion seen within rbcs associated with G6PD deficiency

A

Heinz bodies

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6
Q

T or F

Heinz bodies are specific to G6D

A

F (it is also seen in other unstable hgb problems)

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7
Q

2 forms of the hemoglobin

A

T form (Tense)
R form (Relax)

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8
Q

this form of hgb is unoxygenated

A

T form

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9
Q

this form of hgb is oxygenated

A

R form

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10
Q

at what angle does hgb twist at in order to let 2,3-DPG molecule exit, so that oxygen may enter and bind to the heme

A

15 deg

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11
Q

When the oxygen is delivered to the tissues and organ, hgb twists at what angle to squeeze out the remaining oxygen?

A

zero deg

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12
Q

T or F

Hgb F, composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains may enter to either T or R form

A

F (Hgb A1)

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13
Q

What form of Hgb twists to a zero deg angle

A

T form

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14
Q

what form of Hgb twists to a 15 deg angle?

A

R form

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15
Q

what is the normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

during hypoventilation we suffer from _________ (acidosis / alkalosis)

A

acidosis

less breathing = more CO2 on bloodstream

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17
Q

co2 binding with water to create carbonic acid makes the blood (acidic / alkaline)

A

acidic

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18
Q

during hyperventilation we suffer from (acidosis / alkalosis)

A

alkalosis

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19
Q

decreased CO2 in the blood leads to (acidosis / alkalosis)

A

alkalosis

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20
Q

this mechanism of our bodies does it best to compensate and return our blood pH within normal levels (7.35 - 7.45)

A

compensatory mechanism

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21
Q

T or F

Lungs, Kidneys, and RBC itself aid in maintaining blood pH at normal levels

A

T

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22
Q

what is the partial pressure of residual oxygen in the RBC

A

40 mmHg

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23
Q

T or F

even if there’s still residual oxygen in the RBC, they may still be referred to as unoxygenated RBC

A

T

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24
Q

What is the partal pressure of the lugs

A

100-120 mmHg

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25
As you go to a place with a higher altitude, the oxygen pressure in the lungs ___________causing a person to have a difficulty in breathing
decreases
26
oxygen in the lungs is able to enter the RBC via what process?
simple diffusion lungs (high pressure) to RBC (low pressure)
27
oxygenated RBC's oxygen pressure is at
100 mmHg
28
What is the oxygen saturation of oxygenated RBCs with 100 mmHg of pressure
95-97%
29
how many atoms of oxygen does an oxygenated Hgb carry?
4 atoms
30
whenever oxygen (____ charged) is given off to the tissue, hemoglobin may now assume a ______ charge
positive charge negative charge
31
what enzyme aids the binding of CO2 and H2O?
carbonic anhydrase remember: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 / carbonic acid
32
what does the hgb's negative charge attracts from the tissue, causing for its acidity to slightly increase?
one hydrogen atom
33
____________ is formed due to the loss of one hydrogen atom in the carbonic acid
bicarbonate (HCO3)
34
a phenomenon described as the release of oxygen from the Hgb to the tissue, and the binding of the H+ ion
Bohr effect
35
T or F acidosis = increased bicarbonate
f (increased carbon dioxide)
36
T or F In cases of alkalosis, the Hgb holds onto the oxygen to prevent the absorption of a H+ molecule, promoting the further production of carbonic acid as it will not be converted to bicarbonate
T
37
term used for when the blood loses its negative charge
chloride shifting
38
T or F carbon dioxide directly binds to the Hgb
f (it shouldn't directly bind as it will create bubbles in the blood because it's a gas)
39
T or F in the lungs, Hgb is more attracted to CO2
F (oxygen)
40
the break down of carbonic acid into water and Co2, by carbonic anhydrase, is done where?
alveoli
41
what are the stages do CO2 go through in order to be released outside our body
bicarbonate -> carbonic acid -> (broken down by carbonic anhydrase) -> carbon dioxide to be released
42
70% of carbon dioxide that is carried in the lungs is in the
plasma bicarbonate
43
20% of carbon dioxide that is carried in the lungs is in the
erythrocyte bicarbonate
44
The remaining 10% of carbon dioxide is transported into two other ways. a. dissolved and binds with the n-terminal to amino acid from ________________ b. The other 5% is transported in other solutions
carbaminohemoglobin
45
the phenomenon that prevents CO2 in the lungs to go back to the Hgb
Haldane effect
46
T or F CO2 is more attracted to the hemoglobin if it is unoxygenated
T
47
____________ is inserted into your finger to measure oxygen saturation
oximeter
48
how is the normal curve of oxygen illustrated as in oxygen dissociation curve?
solid line
49
if you've reached 50% oxygen saturation, how much pressure is needed to reach normal levels of o2 saturation?
26-27 mmHg
50
What is the normal pressure needed to reach 100% o2 saturation?
60-80 mmHg of pressure
51
what type of curve is produced in the oxygen dissociation curve when it has reached a plateau?
sigmoid curve
52
shifting to which side in the oxygen dissociation curve indicate that your body needs more oxygen?
to the right
53
T or F the oxygen dissociation curve will shift to the left when your body is in acidosis
F (right)
54
An increased release of ______ to the tissue causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right
oxygen
55
a/an __________ release of oxygen to the tissue causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left
decreased
56
shift to the left or right? hyperthyroidism
shift to the right
57
shift to the left or right? hypothyroidism
shift to the left
58
shift to the left or right? hypercapnia
shift to the right
59
shift to the left or right? low blood pH
shift to the right
60
shift to the left or right? hypocapnia
shift to the left
61
hyperthermia
shift to the right
62
shift to the left or right? high blood pH
shift to the left
63
shift to the left or right? high 2,3 DPG level
shift to the right
64
shift to the left or right? hypocapnia
shift to the left
65
shift to the left or right? low 2,3 DPG level
shift to the left
66
shift to the left or right? methemoglobin
shift to the right
67
shift to the left or right? Hgb F
shift to the left
68
shift to the left or right? carboxyhemoglobin
shift to the left
69
shift to the left or right? hemoglobin chesapeake
shift to the left
70
shift to the left or right? hemoglobin s
shift to the right
71
shift to the left or right? hemoglobin kansas
shift to the right
72
disease associated with the formation of sulfhemoglobin
clostridium perfringens infection
73
The counterpart of Hgb kansas
hgb chesapeake
74
facilitates the binding of the hgb in the tissue where the pCO2 is high, an the release of carbon dioxide in the lungs when pCO2 is low
Haldane effect
75
protein similar to hgb, it has globin chains and heme, and oxygen also binds to it, but it has a different structur
myoglobin
76
composed of single chain of 154 amino acids that forms eight alpha helices and one heme or protoporphyrin IX
myoglobin
77
myoglobin molecular weight
17,000 daltons
78
hgb molecular weight
64,000 daltons
79
hemoglobin : sigmoidal myoglobin : ________________
hyperbolic
80
2 forms of myoglobin
deoxymyoglobin oxymyoglobin
81
T or F Myoglobin immediately releases the oxygen
F (does not, in fact, it binds strongly to the oxygen)
82
T or F myoglobin releases the oxygen ring only if the oxygen tension in the muscle is severely decreased
T
83
clinical use of myoglobin
identification of rhabdomyolysis
84
other name for rhabdomyolysis
crush syndrome
85
________ levels of myoglobin in the blood indicates rhabdomyolysis / crush syndrome
increased
86
Parasite that can destroy the muscles, increases myoglobin levels in the blood
trichinella spiralis
87
type of hemolysis wherein macrophages kill senile red cells in the spleen
extravascular hemolysis
88
type of hemolysis where senile rbcs die in the circulation
intravascular hemolysis
89
condition secondary to red cells dying earlier than the expected life span (120 days)
hemolytic anemia
90
pls study heme catabolism again
kung ayaw mo edi wag *eyeroll
91
what is the product of heme catabolism
bilirubin
92
this becomes unconjugated bilirubin in extravascular hemolysis
porphyrin
93
what aids unconjugated bilirubin to travel to the liver
albumin
94
proteins responsible to carry the hemoglobin for it to be converted to biliverdin nd bilirubin
haptoglobulin hemopexin metheme
95
bacteria in the large intestine will convert bilirubin to either
stercobilin or urobilinogen
96
these parameter(s) increase in cases of hemolytic anemia
bilirubin and methemalbumin
97
pathway that anaerobically generates ATP
EMP
97
parameter(s) that are decreased in cases of hemolytic anemia
haptoglobulin and hemopexin
98
What HMP shunt product detoxify peroxides
NADPF and reduced glutathione
99
if you're a concrete sequential worker
give nath a kith

Hematology 1 (32 decks)

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