Overview of Body Flashcards
The Median/median sagittal
vertical plane passing through the midline of the body which divides it into equal right and left halves
(symmetrical left and right)
Sagittal plane
vertical plane that passes parallel to the median
Coronal or frontal
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Perpendicular to the median sagittal plane
Transverse or horizontal
Passes horizontally through the body and divides it into superior and inferior parts
Anterior
In front of another structure
Posterior
Behind another structure
Superior
above another structure
Inferior
below another structure
Deep
further away from the body surface
Superficial
closer to body surface
medial
closer to median sagittal plane
lateral
away from median sagittal plane
proximal
closer to the trunk or origin
distal
away from the trunk or origin
ipsilateral
same side of the body
contralateral
opposite side of body
Anatomical position
Standard position used in anatomy and medicine no matter what position person in. Human body based on person in anatomical position:
1) standing erect- head directed forwards with eyes looking into distance
2) Arms hanging at sides with palm facing forward and thumb laterally
3) Legs placed together with feet together facing forward
Flexion
decreases the angle of the joint. brings two bones closer. typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
Extension
opposite of flexion. increases angle between two bones
Abduction
movement of limb away from midline
Adduction
opposite of abduction. movement of limb towards the midline
supination
lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly (hold the soup)
Pronation
medial rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posteriorly
Rotation
movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. common in ball and socket joints
Inversion
movement of the sole towards the midline (turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially up on outside of feet)
Eversion
movement of the sole away from the midline (turning the sole of the food outwards or laterally)
dorsiflexion
lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
Planter flexion
depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
Circumduction
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. common in ball and socket joints
What are the two regions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
bones that form the axis or central line of the body:
1) skull
2) vertebral column (spine)
3) Ribs
4) sternum
Appendicular skeleton
bones that attach to the body’s axis:
1) limbs
2) pectoral
3) pelvic girdles
How are bones classified?
Position and shape
Long bones
eg femur, humerus
Short bones
ig carpal bones
flat bones
eg skull vault
irregular bones
eg vertebrae
Articular surface
facet, Condyle and Epicondyle (area above)
Sharp bony prominence
process, protuberance, crest and spine
Blunt bony prominence
tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
Bony depression
fossa, groove, fissure
Bony holes
foramen, Meatus
What are the 3 types of joints?
1) fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial
Fibrous joint
suture and syndesmosis (ie interosseous membrane)
Cartilaginous joint
1ry synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage) 2 ry symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Synovial joint
moveable joints, reinforced by ligaments.
the bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage.
it is surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
the joint and its capsule are lined by a synovial membrane which secrets synovial fluid to lubricate it
What are the types of synovial joints?
1) plane
2) hinge
3) pivot
4) condylar
5) saddle
6) ball and socket
Plane Synovial Joint
permit gliding and sliding movement
Hinge Synovial Joint
uniaxial, allows flexion and extension only
Pivot Synovial Joint
Uniaxial, allows rotation
Condylar Synovial Joint
biaxial allows: flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction
Saddle Synovial Joint
biaxial
the joint has a saddle shaped heads which allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
Ball and socket
multiaxial
joint has a rounded head that articulate with a concavity allows movement on several axes
What are the layers of the fascia?
1 superficial
2 deep
Superficial fascia
lies deep to the dermis
subcutaneous tissue
connected to the deep fascia
Deep
it is dense
organized connective tissue layer
devoid of fat
covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Extensions from the internal surface invest deeper structures such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles as INVESTING FASCIA
Thickness varies widely
eg face- no distinct layers of deep fascia
limbs- groups of muscles with similar functions sharing the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments, separated by thick sheets of deep fascia called intermuscular septa that extend centrally from the surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bone
Skeletal muscles
Aggregations of contractile fibers which move the joints
What are muscles attached to?
Bone
attached via tendons at origins and insertions
Aponeurosis
flattened tendon that attaches flat muscles
symmetrical halves of muscles fuse at the raphe intersection
Rule of movement
If a muscle crosses a joint, it will act at that joint
Synovial Sheath
Encloses tendons where they cross joints
What are the types of blood vessels?
1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries
How is blood distributed to the organs?
Via arteries
branch to arterioles
branch to capillaries
gas exchange occurs
How is blood returned to the heart?
deoxygenated
returned to the heart via the capillaries
merge to become venules
become veins
Superficial veins
lie close to body surface
Deep veins
venae comitantes
accompany arteries supplying a structure
Valves
prevent back flow of blood
can cause pressure build up to weakened enlarge and twist veins (varicose)
Arteries vs Veins
Arteries
1) carry blood from the heart to the body
2) thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure
3) carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery and umbilical chord
4) branches, no valves
Veins
1) carry blood from the body to the heart
thin non elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure
3) carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein and umbilical vein
4) tributaries, have valves
Lymphatic system
part of immune system
Has lymph= watery fluid resembles the plasma and contains lymphocytes
Lymphoid organs= tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes
Lymph vessels= network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes
Lymphatic drainage
majority drains in thoracic duct
delivered back to the venous system
TD drains at the junctio of the LEFT internal jugular vein (IJV) and LEFT subclavian vein
RIGHt lymphatic duct- only drains the right upper quadrant of the body at the junction of the right IJV and RIGHT subclavian vein
Central nervous sytem
brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system
1) somatic nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
PNS
skin skeletal muscles and joints
Motor (efferent) = carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muslces
Sensory (afferent) = carries sensory information to the CNS
Autonomic nervous system
cardiac muscle, glands, all smooth muscle (vessels and viscera (enteric system)
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system
PNS -> ANS
fight or flight reaction
dialate pupils, increase HR, decrease in activity of the gut
Parasympathetic nervous system
PNS-> ANS
rest and digest
