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shb > Overview of Body > Flashcards

Overview of Body Flashcards

1
Q

The Median/median sagittal

A

vertical plane passing through the midline of the body which divides it into equal right and left halves

(symmetrical left and right)

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2
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that passes parallel to the median

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3
Q

Coronal or frontal

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Perpendicular to the median sagittal plane

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4
Q

Transverse or horizontal

A

Passes horizontally through the body and divides it into superior and inferior parts

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5
Q

Anterior

A

In front of another structure

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Behind another structure

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7
Q

Superior

A

above another structure

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8
Q

Inferior

A

below another structure

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9
Q

Deep

A

further away from the body surface

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10
Q

Superficial

A

closer to body surface

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11
Q

medial

A

closer to median sagittal plane

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12
Q

lateral

A

away from median sagittal plane

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13
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk or origin

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14
Q

distal

A

away from the trunk or origin

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of the body

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16
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of body

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17
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standard position used in anatomy and medicine no matter what position person in. Human body based on person in anatomical position:

1) standing erect- head directed forwards with eyes looking into distance
2) Arms hanging at sides with palm facing forward and thumb laterally
3) Legs placed together with feet together facing forward

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18
Q

Flexion

A

decreases the angle of the joint. brings two bones closer. typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

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19
Q

Extension

A

opposite of flexion. increases angle between two bones

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20
Q

Abduction

A

movement of limb away from midline

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21
Q

Adduction

A

opposite of abduction. movement of limb towards the midline

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22
Q

supination

A

lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly (hold the soup)

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23
Q

Pronation

A

medial rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posteriorly

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24
Q

Rotation

A

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. common in ball and socket joints

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25
Q

Inversion

A

movement of the sole towards the midline (turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially up on outside of feet)

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26
Q

Eversion

A

movement of the sole away from the midline (turning the sole of the food outwards or laterally)

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27
Q

dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

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28
Q

Planter flexion

A

depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

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29
Q

Circumduction

A

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. common in ball and socket joints

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30
Q

What are the two regions of the human skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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31
Q

Axial skeleton

A

bones that form the axis or central line of the body:

1) skull
2) vertebral column (spine)
3) Ribs
4) sternum

32
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones that attach to the body’s axis:

1) limbs
2) pectoral
3) pelvic girdles

33
Q

How are bones classified?

A

Position and shape

34
Q

Long bones

A

eg femur, humerus

35
Q

Short bones

A

ig carpal bones

36
Q

flat bones

A

eg skull vault

37
Q

irregular bones

A

eg vertebrae

38
Q

Articular surface

A

facet, Condyle and Epicondyle (area above)

39
Q

Sharp bony prominence

A

process, protuberance, crest and spine

40
Q

Blunt bony prominence

A

tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter

41
Q

Bony depression

A

fossa, groove, fissure

42
Q

Bony holes

A

foramen, Meatus

43
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

1) fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial

44
Q

Fibrous joint

A

suture and syndesmosis (ie interosseous membrane)

45
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A 
1ry synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
2 ry symphysis (fibrocartilage)
46
Q

Synovial joint

A

moveable joints, reinforced by ligaments.
the bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage.
it is surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
the joint and its capsule are lined by a synovial membrane which secrets synovial fluid to lubricate it

47
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

1) plane
2) hinge
3) pivot
4) condylar
5) saddle
6) ball and socket

48
Q

Plane Synovial Joint

A

permit gliding and sliding movement

49
Q

Hinge Synovial Joint

A

uniaxial, allows flexion and extension only

50
Q

Pivot Synovial Joint

A

Uniaxial, allows rotation

51
Q

Condylar Synovial Joint

A 
biaxial 
allows: 
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction
52
Q

Saddle Synovial Joint

A

biaxial

the joint has a saddle shaped heads which allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

53
Q

Ball and socket

A

multiaxial

joint has a rounded head that articulate with a concavity allows movement on several axes

54
Q

What are the layers of the fascia?

A

1 superficial

2 deep

55
Q

Superficial fascia

A

lies deep to the dermis
subcutaneous tissue
connected to the deep fascia

56
Q

Deep

A

it is dense
organized connective tissue layer
devoid of fat
covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Extensions from the internal surface invest deeper structures such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles as INVESTING FASCIA
Thickness varies widely
eg face- no distinct layers of deep fascia
limbs- groups of muscles with similar functions sharing the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments, separated by thick sheets of deep fascia called intermuscular septa that extend centrally from the surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bone

57
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Aggregations of contractile fibers which move the joints

58
Q

What are muscles attached to?

A

Bone

attached via tendons at origins and insertions

59
Q

Aponeurosis

A

flattened tendon that attaches flat muscles

symmetrical halves of muscles fuse at the raphe intersection

60
Q

Rule of movement

A

If a muscle crosses a joint, it will act at that joint

61
Q

Synovial Sheath

A

Encloses tendons where they cross joints

62
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries

63
Q

How is blood distributed to the organs?

A

Via arteries
branch to arterioles
branch to capillaries
gas exchange occurs

64
Q

How is blood returned to the heart?

A

deoxygenated
returned to the heart via the capillaries
merge to become venules
become veins

65
Q

Superficial veins

A

lie close to body surface

66
Q

Deep veins

A

venae comitantes

accompany arteries supplying a structure

67
Q

Valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

can cause pressure build up to weakened enlarge and twist veins (varicose)

68
Q

Arteries vs Veins

A

Arteries

1) carry blood from the heart to the body
2) thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure
3) carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery and umbilical chord
4) branches, no valves

Veins
1) carry blood from the body to the heart
thin non elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure
3) carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein and umbilical vein
4) tributaries, have valves

69
Q

Lymphatic system

A

part of immune system

Has lymph= watery fluid resembles the plasma and contains lymphocytes

Lymphoid organs= tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes

Lymph vessels= network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes

70
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

majority drains in thoracic duct
delivered back to the venous system
TD drains at the junctio of the LEFT internal jugular vein (IJV) and LEFT subclavian vein

RIGHt lymphatic duct- only drains the right upper quadrant of the body at the junction of the right IJV and RIGHT subclavian vein

71
Q

Central nervous sytem

A

brain and spinal chord

72
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

1) somatic nervous system

2) autonomic nervous system

73
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

PNS

skin skeletal muscles and joints

Motor (efferent) = carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muslces

Sensory (afferent) = carries sensory information to the CNS

74
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

cardiac muscle, glands, all smooth muscle (vessels and viscera (enteric system)

sympathetic and parasympathetic

75
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

PNS -> ANS

fight or flight reaction
dialate pupils, increase HR, decrease in activity of the gut

76
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

PNS-> ANS

rest and digest

shb (22 decks)

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