Heart

Question 1

What are the boundaries of the middle mediastinum?

Answer 1

superior: sternal angle T4/5
Inferiorly- xiphisternum T9
Lateral left- 5th intercostal space in midaxillary line
Lateral right- along sternal border

Question 2

Where is the mediastinum?

Answer 2

area in thorax between the lungs, vertebral column, and sternum

Question 3

What is a tamponod?

Answer 3

bleeding under pericardium

death

Question 4

What is the pericardium?

Answer 4

sac with fluid for lubrication

Question 5

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Answer 5

visceral

parietal

Question 6

what are the two layers of the parietal layer of the pericardium?

Answer 6

serous

fibrous

Question 7

Where are the two pericardium sinus located?

Answer 7

between the parietal and visceral layers

located posteriously

can only be entered from the left

Question 8

What are the two sinuses of the pericardium>

Answer 8

transverse sinus and oblique sinus

Question 9

How do your fingers stick into the sinuses?

Answer 9

transverse sinus can stick finger in and comes out straight across

oblique sinus goes up but then stops

Question 10

How does blood circulate through the heart?

Answer 10

1) deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through superior and inferior vena cavae
2) passes the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
3) Exits via pulmonary trunk/arteries through the pulmonary semilunar valve
4) exchanged at lungs
5) oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the right and left pulmonary veins
6) passes the bicuspid (mitral) valve into left ventircle
7) exits via the ascending aorta through the aortic semilunar valve

Question 11

What is the strongest part of the heart?

Answer 11

left ventricle

feeds body

Question 12

How does the body disperse oxygenated blood?

Answer 12

capillaries

Question 13

How does blood flow through the valves?

Answer 13

tissue paper my ass

tricuspid
pulmonary
mitral
aortic

Question 14

What are the contents of the right atrium

Answer 14

1 pectinate muscles (in auricle)
2 crista terminalis- ridge with sa node
3 fossa ovalis
4 opening of cornony sinus- “mai vein drain”
5 opening of supieror and inferior vena cava- pierces diaphram to get to heart around T8

Question 15

What is the embryological significance of the fossa ovalis?

Answer 15

used to be open when placenta was lungs

shuts during development

Question 16

What are the contents of the right ventricle?

Answer 16

1 tricuspid valve- keeps blood from going back
2 chordae tendinae- keeps from prolapsing
3- papillary muscles- holds cord tight
4 moderator vand (septomarginal traveculae)- bringd contraction fivers for tighteing up to prevent prolapse (pre contraction)
5) trabecuale carnae- rough meat

Question 17

What do moderator bands do?

Answer 17

carry impulses to papillary muscles before ventricle contracts

helps papillary prevent prolapse of tricuspid valve

pre contraction

Question 18

What are the contents of the left atrium>

Answer 18

1 openings of pulmonary veins
2 pectinate mucles
3 fossa ovalis

good blood!

Question 19

What kind of blood is in the pulmonary veins?

Answer 19

good blood from lungs!

Question 20

What happens if you have sustained high blood pressure?

Answer 20

wall can get thick and decrease stroke volume

Question 21

What is an ASD?

Answer 21

atrial septal defect

mixing of good blood and bad blood when fossa ovalis open

Question 22

Where does blood blow out with contraction?

Answer 22

aorta

Question 23

Where do the key cardiac veins go?

Answer 23

great cardiac (with LAD)
middle cardiac (with middle cardiac posterior desecding)
small cardiac

to coronary sinus

Question 24

What artery does the great cardiac vein travel with?

Answer 24

anterior descending LAD = widowmaker

Question 25

What artery does the middle cardiac vein travel with?

Answer 25

posterior descending artery

Question 26

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 26

left:
LAD and circumflex

right:
right marginal
posterior descending

Question 27

Where do the coronary arteries come off of?

Answer 27

aorta

distal to aortic valve

Question 28

What does the circumflex branch of left coronary artery anastomose with?

Answer 28

wraps around to meet right coronary artery

Question 29

What can be a bypass for coronary arteries?

Answer 29

internal thoracic artery (from chest)
saphenous vein (from leg or arm)
- vein looks like artery stent from groin through femoral artery to hold clotted area of vessel

Question 30

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

Answer 30

dumps into right atrium

Question 31

What slows the heart?

Answer 31

parasympathetic vagus X (Ach)

Question 32

What speeds up the heart?

Answer 32

sympathetic cardiac nerves (NORE)

Question 33

Which sympathetic fibers innervate the heart to speed up heart rate?

Answer 33

post gang fivers from T1-T5

Question 34

Where does pain from myocardial infarct radiate?

Answer 34

to uppper limb (left side) along T1 dermatome

Question 35

What is the intrinsic innvervation of the heart?

Answer 35

Sinu-atrial SA node = pacemaker

Question 36

Where does atrioventriclar node receive impulses from?

Answer 36

Av node receives from SA node

Question 37

what does atropine do to the heart?

Answer 37

blocks ach, speeds up heart

Question 38

What does beta blocker do to the heart?

Answer 38

blocks norepinephine, slows heart

Question 39

What are the anatomic projections of the heart?

Answer 39

PAM T

pulmonary 3
aortic 3
mitral 4
tricuspid 4

Question 40

What are the ascultation of heart sounds located?

Answer 40

All Physicians Take Money

Aortic 2
Physician 2
Take 5
Money 5

Question 41

Which heart valve stays the same from anatomical position to auscultation location?

Answer 41

pulmonary (close)

Question 42

Which heart valve projection moves the farthest to auculstation point?

Answer 42

Mitral

way down and lateral

Question 43

Where does aortic heart valve projection move to auculstation point?

Answer 43

to the right and slightly up