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Optic Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the outer rim of the orbit?

A

frontal- superior roof
zygomatic- lateral
maxilla- medial and inferior/ largest part of floor

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2
Q

What makes up the inside of the orbit?

A

lacrimal
ethmoid
sphenoid
palatine

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3
Q

What are the base and apex of the orbit?

A

base- orbital margin

apex- optic canal

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4
Q

What happens if you get directly hit in the eye?

A

“blown out fracture”

maxillary sinus/floor can fall in

eye fall in

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5
Q

How do we keep our eyes straight ahead?

A

eyeball/ axis of orbit angled

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6
Q

What is the space between the upper and lower lids?

A

palpebral fissue

palpebral margins meet at canthi (angle)

eyes want to close at rest

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7
Q

What opens the eye lid?

A

aponeurosis of levator palpebrae superioris

no muscle for lower lid

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8
Q

What helps close lid>

A

orbicularis oculi

straight when contracted

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9
Q

What opens the eyes wide during flight or fight?

A

tarsal gland

sympathetic response

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10
Q

What are the 7 layers of the eyelid?

A

external to internal

skin
subcutaneous connective tissue (fat)
muscular layer
submuscular layer
tarsal plate
tarsal glands
palpebral conjuctiva
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11
Q

What protects and lubricates the eye?

A

superior and inferior palpebrae

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12
Q

What are involved in the eyelid?

A

musculocutaneous junction- where skin hits palpebral conjuctiva
palpebral conjuctiva- mucus memvrane on inside of eyelid
orbital conjuctiva- becomes continous with PC/ protective covering of eye

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13
Q

What causes Horner’s syndrome?

A

lesion to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

results in paraslysis of tarsal muscle on affected side

ptosis (drooping eye lid)
myosis (small pupil)
anhydrosis (lack of sweating and reddness of skin on affected side)

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14
Q

What are the edge corners of the eye?

A

medial and lateral canthus

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15
Q

What is the larger medial angle of the eye?

A

lacrimal lake

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16
Q

What fleshy elevation seen in the medial angle of the eye within the lacrimal lake tht contains sweat glands, sevbaceous glands, and cilia>

A

lacrimal caruncle

yellow and white secretion found when you wake up in the morning

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17
Q

What is the connective tissue that separates the sclera from the lacrimal lake found lateral to the lacrimal caruncle?

A

plica semilunaris

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18
Q

What is the third eyelid in other animals>

A

plica semilunaris

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19
Q

What is thee lacrimal punctum?

A

drain for the eye

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20
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland ducts drain>

A

superior palpebral fornix

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21
Q

What does the lacrimal gland secrete?

A

solution with baceriocidal enzyme lysozyme

provides nutrients and dissolved oxygen to cornea

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22
Q

Where do tears go?

A

collect in superior fornix of upper lid
pass over the eye surface
aided by blinking

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23
Q

How do tears drain?

A

puncta lacrimali- drain opening
lacrimal canaliculus- duct
lacrimal sac- collection fluid
nasolacrimal duct- drain to nasal sinus

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24
Q

What kind of nerves innervate the lacrimal gland?

A

parasympathetic CN VII

greater petrosal nerve branch

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25
Q

How is the lacrimal gland innervated?

A

greater petrosal nerve joins deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic) and forms nerve of pterygoid canal

runs through pterygoid canal

goes to pterygopalatine fossa to pterygopalatine ganglion

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26
Q

Which fibers synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

parasympathetic fibers ONLY

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27
Q

What happens after parasympathetic fibers synapse?

A

rejoin with sympathetic fibers to join with maxillary nerve V3 and follow zygomaticotemporal branch anteriorly

join lacrimal branch of V2 to lacrimal gland

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28
Q

How do parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation affect lacrimal secretion?

A

parasym- increase secretion/tearing

symp- vasoconstrution and decrease in tear production

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29
Q

What are the muslces of the orbit called?

A

extraocular muscles (6)

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30
Q

What are the recti muslces of the eye?

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

all originate from anulus tendineus ring around orbital fissure and optic canal

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31
Q

What orbit muscles do not orignate from anulus tendineus?

A

superior oblique
inferoir oblique
levator plapebrae superioris

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32
Q

What does superior oblique attach to?

A

facial sling = trochlea

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33
Q

Why is there a medial pull of superior and inferior rectus?

A

orbit directed in medial to lateral direction

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34
Q

How does the CNS reposition the eye?

A

The 6 extraocular muscles function at all times

changing tension moves quickly

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35
Q

How do the oblique muscles pull?

A

IO-UO, SO-DO

inf obl up and out
sup olb down and out

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36
Q

What are the two divisions of the CN III?

A

superior and inferior

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37
Q

What does the superior diviion of CNIII innervate?

A

levator palpebrae superior and supieror rectus

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38
Q

What does the inferior division of CNIII innervate?

A

medial and inferior rectus and inferior obique

carries parasympathetic fibers to ciliary ganglion

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39
Q

What does the trochear near CN IV inneravte?

A

superior oblique (pass through trochlea)

40
Q

What does the abducent nerve CN VI innervate?

A

lateral rectus (abducts eye)

only CN from dorsal brain

41
Q

How do CN II, CN IV, CN VI enter the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure

LR6 SO4 AO3

42
Q

What is the largest nerve in the orbit?

A

optic nerve CN II

enters through optic canal with ophthalimic artery

covered by mengines /dura

43
Q

What is the largest nerve in the orbit?

A

optic nerve CN II

enters through optic canal with ophthalimic artery

covered by mengines /dura

44
Q

What does ophthalmic nerve CN V1 suplly?

A

sensory innervation to orbit and external eye

enters through superior orbital fissure

45
Q

What are the 3 branches of the CN V1?

A

lacrimal nerve
frtonal nerve
nasocilliary nerve

46
Q

Where is the lacrimal nerve?

A

lacrimal nerve in lateral goes to lacrimal gland

sensory innervation to lacrimal gland and lateral aspect of the eye and upper and lower palpebrae

47
Q

What are the two branches of the frontal nerve?

A

supratrochlear nerve- supplies sensory innervation tothe skin above the medial canthus and part of scalp

supraorbital nerve- more lateral- supplies superior palpebra and scalp. exits orbital via supraorbital foramen

48
Q

What does nasociliary nerve cross?

A

on top of optic nerve from lateral to medial

49
Q

What are the branches of the nasocilliary nerve?

A 
communicating branch to ciliary ganglion
long ciliary nerves
posterior ethmoidal nerve
antior ethmoidal nerve
infratrochlear nerve
50
Q

Wht is a short cilliary nerve?

A

anything coming out of ganglia to back of eye

51
Q

What is a long ciliary nerve?

A

anything that goes stright to the back of the eye

provides sensory innervation to eye (cornea sclera ciliary)

52
Q

What is the communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion?

A

runs trhough ciliary ganglion WITHOUT synapsing to reach eye by short ciliary n

53
Q

What does posterior ethmoidal nerve do?

A

posterior and middle ethmoidal air cells on medial wall of orbit

54
Q

What is anterior ethmoidal nerve?

A

middle and anterior ethmoidal air cells

complex course to end as external nasal nerve for external nose

55
Q

What is the terminal branch of the nasociliary nerve?

A

infratrochlear nerve

supplies medial canthus lower eyelid and nearby region of orbit

56
Q

Wht is a short cilliary nerve?

A

anything coming out of ganglia to back of eye

paraympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory

57
Q

What is the terminal branch of the nasociliary nerve?

A

infratrochlear nerve

supplies medial canthus lower eyelid and nearby region of orbit

58
Q

What happens at the ciliary ganglion?

A

locted between optic nerve and lateral rectus

semsory and sympathetic fivers run through WITHOUT synapsing in it

Parasympathetic fibers from CN III DO synapse

59
Q

what do sympatehtic fibers do in the eye?

A

come from superior cerival ganglion for CN V1

dilator puplillae to dilate pupil

can reach short or long ciliar

60
Q

What do parasympathetic fibers do in the eye?

A

originate from edinger westphal nuclear for CN III

constrict pupil (sphincter puillae) to focus on near objects (contract ciliary muscle)

61
Q

What are the nerves of the orbit?

A 
optic nerve II
oculomotor III
trochlear IV
Trigeminal V1
abducent VI
sympathetics
parasympathetics
62
Q

What is the most medial part of the orbit ALWAYS?

A

superior oblique

63
Q

How does the ophthalmic artery enter the oribit?

A

optic canal

64
Q

What does the ophthalmic artery supply?

A

blood to the orbit including eye itself

65
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A 
mengineal branches
lacrimal (lateral)
central retinal 
long and short ciliary (choroidal)
supraorbial
anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethomoidal
supratrochlear
medial and lateral palebral
dorsal nasal
66
Q

What happens if there is a plaque on the central retinal artery?

A

blood to rods and cones inhibited

BLIND

pierces dura to optic disc

67
Q

What is the venous drainage of the orbit?

A

suprioer and inferior ophtalmic veins

exit through superior orbital fissure

enter cavernous sinus

68
Q

what do anterior and poseterior cillary arteries supply?

A

anterior- blood supply to front of eye

posterior– blood supply to back of eye

69
Q

what do anterior and posterior cillary arteries supply?

A

anterior- blood supply to front of eye

posterior– blood supply to back of eye

70
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the eye?

A

anterior chamber- between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor
posterior chamber- between iris and lens filled with aqueous humor
postremal viterous chamber- behind the lens willed with gelatinous viterous humor

71
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

sclera- posterior 5/6ths of eye. opaque. becomes continous with the dura

choroid- intermediate layer
retina-

72
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparant principal refracting medium of the eye that roughly focuses image onto retina

main focus, espeically after 10 feet

5 layers

AVASCULAR- gets diffusion of metaboites from aqueous humor and blood vells of limbus, and some o2 from environment

73
Q

why do you get red eye in photos?

A

eye is very vascular- light emphasises the blood vessels

uveal layer- middle layer

74
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

in uveal ayer with

continous with choroid

bulk consists of smooth muscle (ciliary muscle) around the lens that contracts to reduce tension of the suspensory ligament to thicken lens

far vision- lens open
near visiton lens smaller (ciliary contracts)

parasymptaheic nerve fibers CNIII via ciliary ganglion

75
Q

What do ciliary processes do>

A

folds in ciliary body that continously produce aqueous humor

AH is like CSF

provides metabolites to cells and reabsobd into canal of Schlemm

fluid pumped and pulled into drain- if build up willl compress retina = glaucoma

76
Q

What is the number 1 cause of blindness?

A

glaucoma- increased intraocular pressure

compresses retina, optic nerve and blood vessels= not draining aqueous humor

blurred vision, halos around bright objects, pain, blindness

77
Q

What is the difference between open angle glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma?

A

Open-

closed- blocked trabecular netwowrk and too much AH produced trapped in posterior chamber iris lifts off lens

78
Q

What is the lens?

A

arise from ciliary body
anteior art of uveal layer of eye
shutter on camera

finetuning close vision

nuclei may be missing or on the side to not block view

79
Q

What muscles control the pupil?

A

constrictor pupillae- circumferentially oriented smooth muscle PARASYMP

dialate- radially oriented dilator pupillae muscle. SYMP

constant regulation

80
Q

What does limited light do?

A

helps retina

smaller hole- better focus

81
Q

How is the cillary muscle innervated?

A

paraympathetic only! causes lens to thicken

circumferential

82
Q

What is considered far vision>

A

after 10 feet

83
Q

what happens when changing vision from far to near?

A

parasympathetic system

lens fatter/pupil constrict

84
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A

outter- rods and cones w/ cell bodies= photoreceptors
middle- bipolar cells (integrate sensory input from receptor before CNS)
inner- ganglia of optic nerve

85
Q

What are rods vs cones?

A 
rods
not for day light
for dim
1 type of photopigment
edgoes but not color
long/easy to hit = single photos

cones
daylight
faster on/off
color- relative to output %

86
Q

What is the first optic action potential>

A

optic nerve

87
Q

How does like travel through retina?

A

light goes through cell layer to photoreceptors

neural info goes opposite direction

88
Q

What is the weakest part of the rena? dark spots/blurry

A

where photoreceptors meet the layer can lift off if not fixed they die

89
Q

What is the pigmented epithelia>

A

back stop so light only goes through eye once- otherwise “house of mirrors”

90
Q

what is a mueller cell?

A

retinal barrier and support

91
Q

What is the fovea?

A

cones only, no rods
direct stimulation from light
weakest blood supply

92
Q

What is the blind spot of the eye?

A

retina on lamina ribrosa = optic papilla (optic disc)

optic disc= where blood vessels come in (retinal artery)

no photoreceptors

apex points medially

different between each eye

93
Q

What artery supplies blood to the eye?

A

ophthalmic

retinal and uveal systems

central artery of retina and central vein of retina

uveal= ophtahlmic artery branches of ciliary arteries long and short

94
Q

What is venus drainage of the retina?

A

central vein

drains to cavernous sinus (may join ophtalmic veins)

95
Q

What happens if there is a change in CSF?

A

will squeeze into optic nerve

artery and nerve okay but vein can collapse

papilladeema = blood build up and disc bulge

96
Q

What is the most superfical nerve in the orbit?

A

Frontal

97
Q

What is macular degeneration>

A

deteriation of central portion of retina

can lead to blindness

shb (22 decks)

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