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ABVP ECM Boards > Orthopedics > Flashcards

Orthopedics Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 factors make rabbit bones more brittle with a higher predisposition for fractures compared to dogs and cats?

A
  1. A smaller contribution of bony weight to whole body mass
  2. Thinner cortices
  3. Lower density/higher mineral composition
  4. Large muscle mass
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2
Q

What surgical fracture repair technique is generally preferred to other methods in rabbits due to versatility, minimal disruption of vasculature and low cost of equipment?

A

External skeletal fixation

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3
Q

Which bone is most commonly contaminated with fractures in rabbits?

A

The tibia

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4
Q

What are 3 indications for external coaptation?

A
  1. Fixation of closed fractures distal to elbow/stifle joints
  2. Temporary treatment pre-op to provide hemostasis, avoid further trauma, and keep the patient comfortable
  3. In combination with internal fixations such as IM pins to prevent rotational movement
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5
Q

What forces do IM pins not counter?

A

Rotational and shear forces

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6
Q

What are 5 potential risks of IM pin insertion?

A

Causing further fractures, cracking of affected bone, pin loosening, arthritis if placed through a joint, and interfering with the medullary blood supply

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7
Q

What makes up a ‘tie-in’ or hybrid external fixator?

A

An IM pin combined with an external skeletal fixator

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8
Q

What forces does ESF eliminate?

A

Bending, rotational and shear

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9
Q

What are potential complications of ESF?

A

Damage to the fixator, premature pin loosening, bending/breaking pins, pin-tract infections

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10
Q

When placing an ESF, why should distance between the limb and connecting materials be minimized?

A

To increase biomechanical stiffness and decrease fixator weight

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11
Q

What limitations prevent bone plating from being practical in ECM?

A

Small size of bones, thin cortices, technical difficulty & extra equipment, potential for disruption of periosteal blood supply, increase in risk of infection and prolonged surgical time

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12
Q

What complication can be seen in short-legged species such as guinea pigs and hedgehogs post amputation?

A

Decubitus and/or moist dermatitis of amputated lesions

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13
Q

In what circumstances will direct/primary fracture healing occur?

A

Only when fracture fragments are reduced anatomically and stabilized under interfragmentary compression with less than 2% interfragmentary strain

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14
Q

What does direct fracture healing mean?

A

Cortical bone is directly formed across fracture line with no evidence of callus formation

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15
Q

When does secondary/indirect bone healing occur?

A

When the interfragmentary strain is between 2 and 10%

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of bone healing?

A

Reactive, reparative and remodeling

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17
Q

The phases of rehabilitation closely match the stages of ___. The 3 stages are:

A

Healing;
1. Inflammatory stage
2. Reparative (fibroblastic) stage
3. Remodeling (maturation) stage

18
Q

What are the four main interventions in a rehabilitation program?

A
  1. Ergonomics
  2. Manual therapy
  3. Therapeutic exercise
  4. Electrophysical (therapeutic) modalities
19
Q

How does cryotherapy work on injured tissue?

A

Reducing or delaying infiltration of white blood cells and subsequent inflammatory cytokines in injured tissue

20
Q

What are the three phases of rehabilitation?

A

Inflammatory, transition and strength/function

21
Q

What does the functional evaluation consist of in a rehabilitation assessment?

A

Passive and active assessments

22
Q

Give examples of passive assessments in physical rehab (7)

A

Passive range of motion, end-feel, goniometry, joint play, flexibility, muscle girth, myofascial exam

23
Q

Give examples of active assessments in physical rehab (4)

A

Posture, Gait/mobility, Transfer, Strength (muscle) test

24
Q

What are the basic goals in the inflammatory stage of rehabilitation?

A

Protect healing tissues, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, maintain joint ROM

25
Q

What are the goals in the reparative stage of healing/subacute/transition stage of rehab?

A

Promote weight bearing/joint function, reeducation of muscle, regain ROM, regain flexibility/strength

26
Q

What are the goals in the remodeling stage of healing/ chronic or strength/function stage of rehab?

A

Restore full ROM/flexibility, improve muscle mass/strength, improve proprioception, regain endurance, return functional activity

27
Q

Which is typically the longest phase of the rehabilitation process? How long does it typically last?

A

The chronic or strength/function phase; For bone - 12 wks+; for tendon/ligament - 1 yr+

28
Q

How does pulse electromagnetic field (PEMF) energy work?

A

A flow of electricity runs through a coil or antenna, which in turn generates a magnetic field that can be directed at tissues for therapeutic effects

29
Q

When is PEMF particularly helpful?

A

Nonunion fractures and neurologic injury

30
Q

What are the four main skeletal tissues found in vertebrates?

A

Cartilage, bone, enamel, dentine

31
Q

What is the approximate composition of skeletal bone?

A

75% inorganic (water and minerals) and 25% organic (extracellular matrix and cells)

32
Q

What are the most common complications in fracture healing?

A

Infection, sequestration, delayed union, nonunion, malunion

33
Q

When can periosteal proliferation be detected on radiographs after infection of a fracture?

A

7-10 days

34
Q

What are potential reasons for delayed union of a fracture?

A

Disuse, instability, poor fracture reduction, poor vascular irrigation, poor nutrition, MBD, old age, infection, sequestrum, or underlying pathology s/a neoplasia

35
Q

When should nonunion be considered?

A

After 12 weeks, especially if no evidence of radiographic healing in sequential radiographs

36
Q

What is the most frequently fractured bone in the ferret and guinea pig?

A

The femur

37
Q

What is the most common traumatic fracture in chinchillas? What type of fracture usually occurs?

A

Tibia; short spiral or transverse

38
Q

Where is the most common site for vertebral fractures in rabbits?

A

LS junction (L7)

39
Q

How much bone loss must occur before being radiographically evident?

A

30-60%

40
Q

What area do osteosarcomas in rabbits more commonly affect?

A

The skull

41
Q

What is the most common spinal curvature malformation in small mammals?

A

Scoliosis

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