Anesthesia/Analgesia

Question 1

Where is the V-gel designed to sit and why?

Answer 1

Over the larynx; the tip enters the esophagus to ensure gas flow goes into the airway

Question 2

How should V-gel placement be confirmed?

Answer 2

Readings of a capnograph (visualize the waveforms) and movement of the reservoir bag

Question 3

What complications can occur with V-gel placement?

Answer 3

Lingual cyanosis, gastric inflation, dental issues, insertion difficulties/incorrect placement leading to laryngeal compression/reduced airway, gas leakage

Question 4

What is the main benefit of videoendoscopic placement of endotracheal tubes?

Answer 4

It decreases the risk of trauma to the glottis

Question 5

What is the normal tidal volume of small mammals?

Answer 5

10 to 20 mL/kg

Question 6

What peak inspiratory pressure is recommended for small mammals?

Answer 6

Between 10 to 15 cm H2O

Question 7

What is the disadvantage of direct blood pressure monitoring via arterial line?

Answer 7

Time consuming, difficult placement of the line

Question 8

What complications can be seen secondary to arterial line placement?

Answer 8

Emboli, nerve or vessel damage (ear pinna necrosis), ischemia, frequent heparin admin - iatrogenic coagulation issues

Question 9

What location can be used for arterial line in rabbits? In the ferret?

Answer 9

Central auricular artery; coccygeal artery (carotid and femoral also reported)

Question 10

What Doppler measurement is concerning for hypotension in anesthetized rabbits?

Answer 10

Less than 80 mm Hg

Question 11

What is guinea pig normal resting blood pressure?

Answer 11

Systolic 65-75 mmHg, diastolic 44 to 52 mm Hg

Question 12

What location for blood pressure measurement showed good correlation w carotid direct blood pressures in rats?

Answer 12

Cuff placement on the tail

Question 13

What is an electric nerve stimulator and how is it used?

Answer 13

A power source that generates electrical impulses and is connected to a stimulating needle; A negative electrode is applied to skin proximal to target nerve and current of electrons generates an action potential. Depolarization of motor fibers results in contraction of innervated muscle

Question 13

What type of probe should be utilized for ultrasound guided nerve blocks?

Answer 13

Linear transducer from 7 to 15 mHz

Question 14

What is the appearance of local anesthetic when ultrasound guided nerve blocks are performed?

Answer 14

When properly delivered, it forms a black (hypoechoic) fluid ring around the nerve, called a doughnut sign

Question 15

What is a risk of intubation in mini pigs?

Answer 15

Intubation of the tracheal bronchus (or bypassing it completely) that ventilates accessory right lung lobe and branches off trachea prior to bronchial bifurcation

Question 16

How is most heat lost during anesthesia?

Answer 16

Radiation

Question 17

What block should be performed for extraction of the upper incisors in a rabbit?

Answer 17

Infraorbital or rostral maxillary nerve block

Question 18

What block should be performed for extraction of mandibular cheek teeth in a rabbit?

Answer 18

Caudal mandibular or inferior alveolar nerve (extraoral approach through medial pterygoid muscle - medial aspect of mandible)