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ABVP ECM Boards > Hystricomorphs > Flashcards

Hystricomorphs Flashcards

1
Q

What dose of buprenorphine was found to be efficacious in chinchillas?

A

0.2 mg/kg q6hrs

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2
Q

What drug causes transient neurologic effects consistent with serotonin syndrome in chinchillas when >40 mg/kg administered?

A

Tramadol

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3
Q

If a 7 year old guinea pig presents with weight loss, a palpable cervical mass, PU/PD and a poor coat, what condition is likely?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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4
Q

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed (3 ways) in guinea pigs?

A

1) Signalment, history, PE
2) elevated TT4 and/or elevated free T4 by ED
3) TSH stimulation test (inj. 100 ug of recombinant human TSH IM and measure T4 pre and 4 hr post) - normal T4 should increase to 1.5x the prestim value

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5
Q

What are the 3 treatment options for hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs?

A

1) Radioactive iodine
2) oral/TM thyreostatic agents (methimazole, carbimazole)
3) Surgical thyroidectomy

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6
Q

What is the most useful venipuncture site in the degu?

A

The ventral tail artery

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7
Q

What leukocyte predominates in hystricomorph rodents?

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

What signalment of guinea pigs has more Kurloff cells?

A

Pregnant females and g pigs treated w/estrogen have the most (but can have low numbers in immature, non=pregnant and non-estrogen treated)

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9
Q

What is significant about hairless guinea pigs normal leukocyte distribution?

A

They have 40% fewer leukocytes w/lower #s of lymphocytes causing reversal of L:H ratio (have more heterophils)

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10
Q

Why do guinea pigs have slower coagulation times than most rodents?

A

They have 50% of the plasma prothrombin vs. rats/dogs and have least factor VII, low amounts of factors V and X

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11
Q

What is the most sensitive and specific test for liver disease in hystricomorph rodent?

A

Bile acids

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12
Q

What test can be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus in guinea pigs?

A

Fructosamine

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13
Q

What are danger values for blood pH in guinea pigs?

A

<7 or >7.7

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14
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria to diagnose lead toxicosis in chinchillas w/seizures and blindness?

A

> 15 ug/dL is suspicious; >25 ug/dL is definitive

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15
Q

How can cortisol be monitored in guinea pigs suspected of cushing’s?

A

Plasma or saliva

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16
Q

What is the normal pH of guinea pig urine?

A

pH 8-9 (alkaline)

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17
Q

What degenerative condition causes small white mobile calcium-lipid opacities in the vitreous humor of chinchillas?

A

Asteroid hyalosis

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18
Q

What 4 organisms are implicated in respiratory illness in elderly, immunosuppressed guinea pigs?

A
  1. Bordetella bronchiseptica
  2. cilia-associated resp. Bacillus
  3. Streptococcus pneuomoniae
  4. Streptococcus zooepidemicus
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19
Q

What is the prevalence of reproductive disease (neoplasia, cystic ovaries, pyo/hydrometra) in intact female guinea pigs >6 yrs of age?

A

Up to 77%

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20
Q

Which ovary is more commonly affected if only 1 has cysts?

A

The right ovary

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21
Q

What is the most common reproductive system disorder that is age related in chinchillas?

A

Endometritis

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22
Q

What is the most common reproductive tumor in guinea pigs?

A

Uterine leiomyoma

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23
Q

What is the USG in most chinchillas?

A

> 1.050 (but ranged 1.014-1.060)

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24
Q

What urinary findings are common in chinchillas with anorexia?

A

Ketonuria and decrease in pH (normal ~8.5)

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25
Q

Which is true for urolithiasis in chinchillas?
A. The majority of stones were struvite.
B. Uroliths in the urinary bladder had a better prognosis vs. urethral stones
C. It occurs with equal prevalence in males and females
D. Recurrence rate was 80% with median time to recurrence 68 days

A

B is true. A - calcium carbonate; C - much more common in males; D - 50%, 68 days correct

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26
Q

What is the most common isolate in chinchillas with conjunctivitis?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative); normal flora 94% g+

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27
Q

What empirical ophthalmic medication should be started in chinchillas with conjunctivitis while awaiting C/S results?

A

Most likely cause is P. aeruginosa and Gentamicin or polymyxin B had best susceptibility (if unavailable next is cipro and neomycin)

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28
Q

What is a normal VHS in chinchillas?

A

Rads (either lateral) - 7.5-10.4
CT - 7.1-9.4

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29
Q

Although many chinchillas have innocent murmurs, those with grade __ and higher were __ times more likely to have echo abnormalities.

A

3; 29

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30
Q

Which giardia gene assemblages are considered zoonotic? Have they been found in chinchillas?

A

A & B; Both have been found and a true zoonotic transmission was documented in a child that ingested chinchilla feces

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31
Q

What cestode can cause anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss and death when high numbers are present in hystricomorphs?

A

Rodentolepis nana (prev. Hymenolepis nana); direct transmission and no intermediate host needed so superinfection from coprophagy is possible

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32
Q

The cestodes Taenia serialis, pisiformis, multiceps and Echinococcus granulosis and multilocularis use __ as definitive hosts and __ as intermediate hosts.

A

Carnivores, Rodents including chinchillas

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33
Q

What clinical signs can Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. cause in chinchillas?

A

Areas of SQ edema, cysticerci in thorax, SQ, larynx, pharynx and retropharyngeal area; metacestodes in liver

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34
Q

Which hystricomorph rodents pups are born precocial?

A

All of them (g pigs, chinchillas, degus)

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35
Q

What is the gestation length in guinea pigs?

A

59-72 days

36
Q

What is the gestation length of chinchillas?

A

105-118 days

37
Q

What is the gestation length in degus?

A

87-93 days

38
Q

What is significant about guinea pig milk and what species is the composition closest to?

A

High in carbs with higher protein than fat levels; cats

39
Q

What is the best substitute for chinchilla milk?

A

Canine milk replacer w/added lactase (equal parts evap. milk and water have also been used)

40
Q

What is the main energy source in degu milk and what can act as a milk replacer?

A

Milk fat; canine milk replaced w/added vegetable oil and Lactobacillus

41
Q

Why should high carbohydrate food items such as root vegetables and fruits be avoided in degus?

A

They easily enter a hyperinsulinemic state, leading to DM, cataracts and kidney damage

42
Q

What type of diet should degus be fed from 10 wks on?

A

Rodent diet and hay (chinchilla/guinea pig pellets resulted in high mortality in young and weight gain in adults)

43
Q

How is Tyzzer’s disease in guinea pigs commonly transmitted and what guinea pigs are affected?

A

Via fecal-oral contamination of bedding/food; young/stressed g pigs in poor husbandry situations

44
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a young guinea pig presenting with tenesmus but little to no stool production?

A

Congenital issue such as atresia ani w/a rectocutaneous fistula

45
Q

What the the leading cause of mortality in chinchilla kits in a retrospective study of ranched chinchillas?

A

Enteritis

46
Q

What are degu pups under 3 months of age prone to due to poor sanitation of water bottles?

A

Opportunistic Pseudomonas infections

47
Q

A juvenile guinea pig presents with circular areas of scaling and alopecia on the face and feet. What test should be performed to diagnose the most likely cause of these signs?

A

fungal culture or PCR

48
Q

What emerging pathogen of chinchillas can cause rapidly growing ventral cervical masses in young chinchillas?

A

Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus

49
Q

What is the primary pathogen of congenital conjunctivitis in guinea pig pups?

A

Chlamydia caviae (passed from sow to pup during parturition)

50
Q

What approach is preferred for castration in guinea pigs and why?

A

Abdominal approach; significantly lower infection rates

51
Q

Why is closed castration not recommended in chinchillas?

A

The vaginal tunic is adhered to surrounding tissues

52
Q

What does avocado ingestion in guinea pigs cause?

A

Cardiogenic shock

53
Q

What does ingestion of oxalate-containing plants results in in guinea pigs?

A

Oral irritation with small amount, GI upset, renal failure

54
Q

When should a C-section be pursued in guinea pigs?

A

Continuous straining for 20 minutes or unproductive contractions for >2 hrs

55
Q

What should be administered IV if pregnancy toxemia is suspected in guinea pigs?

A

Dextrose (1-2 mL 50% diluted in 3-5 mL saline), Calcium gluconate IM or slow IV

56
Q

What is considered the most common malignancy of guinea pigs?

A

Lymphoma

57
Q

What is the most common cutaneous neoplasm of guinea pigs?

A

Trichofolliculoma

58
Q

What is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in a 6 week old guinea pig?

A

Chlamydiosis

59
Q

What is the most likely underlying cause for head tilt in a chinchilla?

A

Otitis media +/- perforated tympanic membrane

60
Q

Why is surgical treatment of otitis media in chinchillas unrewarding?

A

Large size and complex anatomy of middle ear

61
Q

When is a purse-string suture appropriate for rectal prolapse in chinchillas?

A

When there is no intussusception present

62
Q

Why is high calcium in the diet unlikely to contribute to chinchilla urolithiasis risk factors?

A

Excess dietary calcium is excreted in feces, not urine

63
Q

Which location of urinary calculi carries a poor prognosis in chinchillas?

A

Urethral - up to 75% euthanized w/in 24 hours

64
Q

For which ECM species have ectoparasites not been reported in captivity?

A

Chinchillas

65
Q

What is the appearance of fur chewing in chinchillas?

A

Normal fur on head/distal extremities, shortened fur on dorsum, from lumbar to tail and laterally on flanks

66
Q

What species have a palatal ostium that connects the oropharynx to the nasopharynx and larynx?

A

Guinea pigs and chinchillas

67
Q

Where is the thymus located in guinea pigs?

A

Extrathoracic in the cranial cervical region (remnant and encapsulated tissue remain after 1 yr of age)

68
Q

Which hystricomorphs have a thymus that does not atrophy with age?

A

Chinchillas and degus (cervical portion, mediastinal part does atrophy)

69
Q

Why is pneumonia most often lobar in guinea pigs and chinchillas?

A

They have very scarce interlobular/segmental differentiation of lung lobes by connective tissue

70
Q

What is the significance of multifocal black pinpoint discolorations on the lung surface of guinea pigs postmortem?

A

Likely no significance - correspond to subpleural anthracosis (not associated w/fibrosis or inflammatory reaction)

71
Q

What finding is nearly pathognomonic for cavian leukemia?

A

Leukocytosis of >25000 WBC/mcL

72
Q

What is recommend as an alternative to nasal swabbing for cytology with UR infections in hystricomorphs?

A

Nasal lavage (swabbing can worsen resp distress, is more aggressive on nasal mucosa, and will contaminate sample w/blood)

73
Q

What volume of saline or hypersaline fluid should be used for nasal lavage?

A

0.2 to 1 mL/kg

74
Q

What happens to guinea pigs that contract human influenza?

A

Severe histopath changes in respiratory system - rhinitis, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia, but almost complete absence of clinical signs

75
Q

What primary respiratory neoplasia is common in aged guinea pigs according to some sources?

A

Bronchogenic papillary adenoma

76
Q

What is the max amount of time a nasogastric feeding tube should be left in place in hystricomorphs?

A

3 days

77
Q

Why isn’t the typical bronchopneumonic pattern associated with aspiration pneumonia typically seen in hystricomorphs?

A

The disease rapidly spreads to the rest of the lung parenchyma

78
Q

How can ovarian cysts in guinea pigs be differentiated from cystic masses via ultrasound in guinea pigs?

A

Cysts will have no internal blood flow and masses often have significant blood flow

79
Q

What is the main finding associated with cardiac disease in guinea pigs?

A

Pericardial effusion, regularly associated with cardiac tamponade

80
Q

Which species have a remarkably low corneal sensitivity and negligible ability to produce reflex tears?

A

Guinea pigs

81
Q

What % of guinea pigs becoming pregnant if mated during the postpartum estrus (2-15 hrs after delivery)?

A

70%

82
Q

How does Gonadorelin result in resolution of follicular cysts in guinea pigs?

A

It is a GnRH agonist which induces a surge of luteinizing hormone, resulting in luteinization of cysts

83
Q

Why should deslorelin be avoided in guinea pigs for treatment of follicular cysts?

A

Results in an intermittent/prolonged vaginal opening, increasing risk of infection

84
Q

When is the vaginal closure membrane present in healthy chinchillas?

A

At all times except at parturition and during estrus

85
Q

What is the most common bacteria in guinea pig pyometra?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica and hemolytic Streptococcus spp.

86
Q

What are the predominant cells during estrus in chinchillas?

A

Partially to completely cornified superficial epithelial cells (neutrophils should be absent)

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