Miscellaneous Flashcards
In what scenarios has cone beam CT been found to be superior to regular CT?
Imaging rabbit dentition, particularly the periodontal ligament
What is the purpose of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography?
Evaluating perfusion to the level of the smallest capillaries in an organ or lesion (ex. LLT in rabbits)
Because of this, many ECM are predisposed to the development of hypothermia during anesthesia/surgery
Large body surface area to volume ratio
This procedure can be performed after abdominal surgery to help reverse downward temperature trend.
Warm saline lavage of the abdominal cavity
How much blood does the average cotton tipped applicator hold?
0.1 mL when soaked
What is the max safe blood volume loss during surgery?
10-15% of blood volume
In this species, a major and minor crossmatch should be performed before administering a blood transfusion.
Rabbits
Determine the recommended fluid rate for a 1.2 kg guinea pig undergoing a cystotomy
12 mL/hr
Use of this type of electronic hemostatic device can result in burns if the ground plate only contacts a small area of the patient
Electrosurgery
This type of electronic hemostatic device is most helpful for hemostasis within body cavities.
Bipolar electrosurgery forceps
This type of electronic hemostatic device seals nerve endings, blood and lymphatic vessels less than 0.6 mm resulting in less pain, bruising and swelling.
Carbon dioxide laser
What is the scientific name for the domesticated European rabbit?
Oryctolagus cuniculus
What are the ABCs of behavior?
Antecedents, behavior, and consequences
What are the 3 general types of behavior antecedents?
Cues, setting events, and motivating operations
What liquid is most commonly utilized for aquapuncture?
50/50 Normal saline/Vitamin B12 mixture
In guinea pigs and rabbits, what low vital sign is associated with a higher likelihood of death versus a normal vital?
Low rectal temperature
What ECM species has a relatively low rectal temperature compared to other species and what is normal?
Chinchillas; ~96-99*F
In ferrets, where can auricular thermometers be used to most accurately measure body temperature?
The dorsal skin between the scapula
What are the 4 mechanisms of heat transfer?
Convection, Conduction, Radiation, and Evaporation
What are the initial symptoms of hypothermia? If untreated, what additional signs develop?
Vasoconstriction, tachycardia, increased cardiac output to perfuse core;
When progresses, cardiac output decreases, cardiac arrest risk increases, coagulation is altered, potentially resulting in DIC, Respiratory rate decreases, resulting in eventual metabolic acidosis, depressed mentation, GI ileus, death
Why are small mammals at higher risk for hyperthermia?
They do not have an effective cooling system (such as panting in dogs/cats)
What type of wounds respond favorably to negative pressure wound therapy?
Acute, subacute and chronic wounds, flaps, free grafts
What are contraindications of negative pressure wound therapy?
Coagulation disorders; use over local malignancy; untreated osteomyelitis; exposed tendons/ligaments/nerves; unprotected organs, anastomotic sites not well covered; hemorrhage; scar tissue over necrotic tissue; unexplored fistulae; wounds with possible connection w/chest or abdomen
How does photobiomodulation (laser therapy) work?
Light interacts with chromophores in cells, causing upregulation or downlregulation of some biochem processes
What wavelengths of light can result in photobiomodulation?
400nm (violet) to 1100 nm (near infrared) (600-1100 nm optimal range)
What risks are associated with laser usage?
retinal damage, increased absorption in pigmented areas, tissue overheating, stimulation/alteration of cellular activity (concern w/neoplasia/infection)
Where should laser therapy not be performed?
Over open fontanels, hemorrhagic tissue, pregnant uterus, malignancies, patients on photosensitive medication
What are potential effects of laser therapy in small mammal wounds?
Enhancement of wound healing, reduction of edema, enhancement of fur regrowth, potential analgesia
List 5 possible uses of laser therapy in small mammals:
- Surgical incisions/lacerations
- Reduction of edema
- Healing of abscesses (on antimicrobials), pododermatitis
- Healing thermal wounds
- Hair regrowth
What risks are associated with the use of therapeutic ultrasound?
Thermal effects; potential issues when used w/contraindications (hemorrhage, infection, skin neoplasia)
How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy work?
Increasing the pressure of oxygen allows the complete saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen and up to 10x increase in dissolved oxygen plasma levels (allows it to reach deeper tissues). Increased oxygen delivery helps inhibit swelling/edema. And other good stuff - bactericidal effect, stimulation of angiogenesis, fibroblasts, etc
What is a xenograft?
Graft of tissue taken from 1 species and grafted into a different one (ex. Tilapia nanofibers)
What 4 species are most commonly used for the pathogenesis and pathophys. of osteoarthritis?
Mice, rats, Guinea pigs, rabbits
What animal is most commonly used for studies on naturally developing models of OA and why?
The Dunkin Hartley Guinea pig because high incidence of OA, early age of onset, and histopath. similarities with human primary idiopathic OA
What are the 3 components of animal hospice?
Physical care, social wellbeing, emotional wellbeing
What is the most likely diagnosis in a rabbit if ultrasound shows hepatomegaly or an isolated enlarged lobe, rounded lobar margins, mixed hepatic parenchymal echogenicity, hyperechoic perihepatic mesentery and free peritoneal fluid?
Liver lobe torsion
Ferret adrenal glands in those affected by hyperadrenocorticism often have a ____ appearance, an increased cranial-caudal pole length, a ____ structure, ____ echogenicity and/or signs of mineralization on ultrasound.
A. Triangular; heterogenous, increased
B. Round; heterogenous; increased
C. Round; homogenous; decreased
B (round appearance, heterogenous structure, increased echogenicity)
What approach should be utilized for evaluating the tympanic bulla with ultrasound in rats and rabbits?
Ventral
What are the radiographic changes associated with GDV in guinea pigs?
Markedly gas distended stomach on the right side of the abdomen; may displace cecum caudally and to left, and small intestines craniodorsally
As a broad picture, what does viscoelastic-coagulation testing evaluate for?
Evaluates global hemostatic pathways, including clotting factors, cellular contributions (platelets), and fibrinolysis; Can determine both thrombotic or bleeding tendencies
What technique for preparing smears is optimal for digital cytology?
Pull-apart method
What is a neuroendocrine pattern on cytology?
Nuclei floating in a sea of cytoplasm
In basic terms, under what scenarios is lactate produced?
Anaerobic metabolism, often in cases of hypoperfusion
Give 2 examples of Type A and Type B causes of increased blood lactate concentrations
Type A (hypoxic) - hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock;
Type B (nonhypoxic) - Liver disease, Acetaminophen toxicity
In general, what is considered a normal lactate value, hyperlactatemia, and lactic acidosis?
< 2 mmol/L; Hyper 2-4 mmol/L; >4 mmol/L w/pH <7.35
Much higher lactate concentrations occur in which species and what is the postulated reason?
Rabbits; cecotrophy
For a smaller patient, what type of probe is going to be useful for abdominal ultrasound?
A higher frequency probe with a smaller footprint and improved spatial resolution (but less depth penetration)
What do A-lines represent during thoracic POCUS?
Echogenic, gradually fading horizontal lines that are spaced equally below the pleural line; representation of air/gas below the pleura (can be normal or indicate pneumothorax)
What is the classic lesion of CRD in aged rats?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia w/bronchiectasis and abscessation (bronchiectasis -> cobblestone gross appearance to lungs, often asymmetric)
What are the potential causative organisms (3) associated with CRD in rats?
Mycoplasma pulmonis, Sendai virus, cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (inhaled irritant - ammonia may also play role)
What is the causative agent of pulmonic pseudotuberculosis in rats?
Corynebacterium kutscheri
What is the gross lesion appearance of Corynebacterium kutscheri in rat lungs?
Multiple foci to coalescing consolidation and necrosis w/out asymmetric distribution/bronchiectatic appearance that happens with CRD
What is the histologic appearance of Corynebacterium kutscheri in rat lungs?
Neutrophilic inflammation with large colonies of amorphous bacteria (pathognomonic)
What is the histologic appearance of Mycoplasma pulmonis in rat lungs?
Peribronchiolar cuffing with lymphocytes and plasma cells
What is the causative agent of Tyzzer’s disease?
Clostridium piliforme
What species can be affected by Tyzzer’s disease?
Rabbits, guinea pigs, myomorph rodents
What is an example of the use of nanoparticles in ECM?
Liposomal bupivacaine
List the bacteriostatic antibiotics
ECSTaTiC:
Erythromycin (macrolides)
Clindamycin
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
List the bactericidal antibiotics.
Very Proficient For Complete Cell Murder:
Vancomycin
Penicillin
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Metronidazole
