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ABVP ECM Boards > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

In what scenarios has cone beam CT been found to be superior to regular CT?

A

Imaging rabbit dentition, particularly the periodontal ligament

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2
Q

What is the purpose of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography?

A

Evaluating perfusion to the level of the smallest capillaries in an organ or lesion (ex. LLT in rabbits)

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3
Q

Because of this, many ECM are predisposed to the development of hypothermia during anesthesia/surgery

A

Large body surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

This procedure can be performed after abdominal surgery to help reverse downward temperature trend.

A

Warm saline lavage of the abdominal cavity

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5
Q

How much blood does the average cotton tipped applicator hold?

A

0.1 mL when soaked

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6
Q

What is the max safe blood volume loss during surgery?

A

10-15% of blood volume

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7
Q

In this species, a major and minor crossmatch should be performed before administering a blood transfusion.

A

Rabbits

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8
Q

Determine the recommended fluid rate for a 1.2 kg guinea pig undergoing a cystotomy

A

12 mL/hr

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9
Q

Use of this type of electronic hemostatic device can result in burns if the ground plate only contacts a small area of the patient

A

Electrosurgery

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10
Q

This type of electronic hemostatic device is most helpful for hemostasis within body cavities.

A

Bipolar electrosurgery forceps

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11
Q

This type of electronic hemostatic device seals nerve endings, blood and lymphatic vessels less than 0.6 mm resulting in less pain, bruising and swelling.

A

Carbon dioxide laser

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12
Q

What is the scientific name for the domesticated European rabbit?

A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

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13
Q

What are the ABCs of behavior?

A

Antecedents, behavior, and consequences

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14
Q

What are the 3 general types of behavior antecedents?

A

Cues, setting events, and motivating operations

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15
Q

What liquid is most commonly utilized for aquapuncture?

A

50/50 Normal saline/Vitamin B12 mixture

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16
Q

In guinea pigs and rabbits, what low vital sign is associated with a higher likelihood of death versus a normal vital?

A

Low rectal temperature

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17
Q

What ECM species has a relatively low rectal temperature compared to other species and what is normal?

A

Chinchillas; ~96-99*F

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18
Q

In ferrets, where can auricular thermometers be used to most accurately measure body temperature?

A

The dorsal skin between the scapula

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19
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of heat transfer?

A

Convection, Conduction, Radiation, and Evaporation

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20
Q

What are the initial symptoms of hypothermia? If untreated, what additional signs develop?

A

Vasoconstriction, tachycardia, increased cardiac output to perfuse core;
When progresses, cardiac output decreases, cardiac arrest risk increases, coagulation is altered, potentially resulting in DIC, Respiratory rate decreases, resulting in eventual metabolic acidosis, depressed mentation, GI ileus, death

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21
Q

Why are small mammals at higher risk for hyperthermia?

A

They do not have an effective cooling system (such as panting in dogs/cats)

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22
Q

What type of wounds respond favorably to negative pressure wound therapy?

A

Acute, subacute and chronic wounds, flaps, free grafts

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23
Q

What are contraindications of negative pressure wound therapy?

A

Coagulation disorders; use over local malignancy; untreated osteomyelitis; exposed tendons/ligaments/nerves; unprotected organs, anastomotic sites not well covered; hemorrhage; scar tissue over necrotic tissue; unexplored fistulae; wounds with possible connection w/chest or abdomen

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24
Q

How does photobiomodulation (laser therapy) work?

A

Light interacts with chromophores in cells, causing upregulation or downlregulation of some biochem processes

25
Q

What wavelengths of light can result in photobiomodulation?

A

400nm (violet) to 1100 nm (near infrared) (600-1100 nm optimal range)

26
Q

What risks are associated with laser usage?

A

retinal damage, increased absorption in pigmented areas, tissue overheating, stimulation/alteration of cellular activity (concern w/neoplasia/infection)

27
Q

Where should laser therapy not be performed?

A

Over open fontanels, hemorrhagic tissue, pregnant uterus, malignancies, patients on photosensitive medication

28
Q

What are potential effects of laser therapy in small mammal wounds?

A

Enhancement of wound healing, reduction of edema, enhancement of fur regrowth, potential analgesia

29
Q

List 5 possible uses of laser therapy in small mammals:

A
  1. Surgical incisions/lacerations
  2. Reduction of edema
  3. Healing of abscesses (on antimicrobials), pododermatitis
  4. Healing thermal wounds
  5. Hair regrowth
30
Q

What risks are associated with the use of therapeutic ultrasound?

A

Thermal effects; potential issues when used w/contraindications (hemorrhage, infection, skin neoplasia)

31
Q

How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy work?

A

Increasing the pressure of oxygen allows the complete saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen and up to 10x increase in dissolved oxygen plasma levels (allows it to reach deeper tissues). Increased oxygen delivery helps inhibit swelling/edema. And other good stuff - bactericidal effect, stimulation of angiogenesis, fibroblasts, etc

32
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

Graft of tissue taken from 1 species and grafted into a different one (ex. Tilapia nanofibers)

33
Q

What 4 species are most commonly used for the pathogenesis and pathophys. of osteoarthritis?

A

Mice, rats, Guinea pigs, rabbits

34
Q

What animal is most commonly used for studies on naturally developing models of OA and why?

A

The Dunkin Hartley Guinea pig because high incidence of OA, early age of onset, and histopath. similarities with human primary idiopathic OA

35
Q

What are the 3 components of animal hospice?

A

Physical care, social wellbeing, emotional wellbeing

36
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in a rabbit if ultrasound shows hepatomegaly or an isolated enlarged lobe, rounded lobar margins, mixed hepatic parenchymal echogenicity, hyperechoic perihepatic mesentery and free peritoneal fluid?

A

Liver lobe torsion

37
Q

Ferret adrenal glands in those affected by hyperadrenocorticism often have a ____ appearance, an increased cranial-caudal pole length, a ____ structure, ____ echogenicity and/or signs of mineralization on ultrasound.
A. Triangular; heterogenous, increased
B. Round; heterogenous; increased
C. Round; homogenous; decreased

A

B (round appearance, heterogenous structure, increased echogenicity)

38
Q

What approach should be utilized for evaluating the tympanic bulla with ultrasound in rats and rabbits?

A

Ventral

39
Q

What are the radiographic changes associated with GDV in guinea pigs?

A

Markedly gas distended stomach on the right side of the abdomen; may displace cecum caudally and to left, and small intestines craniodorsally

40
Q

As a broad picture, what does viscoelastic-coagulation testing evaluate for?

A

Evaluates global hemostatic pathways, including clotting factors, cellular contributions (platelets), and fibrinolysis; Can determine both thrombotic or bleeding tendencies

41
Q

What technique for preparing smears is optimal for digital cytology?

A

Pull-apart method

42
Q

What is a neuroendocrine pattern on cytology?

A

Nuclei floating in a sea of cytoplasm

43
Q

In basic terms, under what scenarios is lactate produced?

A

Anaerobic metabolism, often in cases of hypoperfusion

44
Q

Give 2 examples of Type A and Type B causes of increased blood lactate concentrations

A

Type A (hypoxic) - hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock;
Type B (nonhypoxic) - Liver disease, Acetaminophen toxicity

45
Q

In general, what is considered a normal lactate value, hyperlactatemia, and lactic acidosis?

A

< 2 mmol/L; Hyper 2-4 mmol/L; >4 mmol/L w/pH <7.35

46
Q

Much higher lactate concentrations occur in which species and what is the postulated reason?

A

Rabbits; cecotrophy

47
Q

For a smaller patient, what type of probe is going to be useful for abdominal ultrasound?

A

A higher frequency probe with a smaller footprint and improved spatial resolution (but less depth penetration)

48
Q

What do A-lines represent during thoracic POCUS?

A

Echogenic, gradually fading horizontal lines that are spaced equally below the pleural line; representation of air/gas below the pleura (can be normal or indicate pneumothorax)

49
Q

What is the classic lesion of CRD in aged rats?

A

Suppurative bronchopneumonia w/bronchiectasis and abscessation (bronchiectasis -> cobblestone gross appearance to lungs, often asymmetric)

50
Q

What are the potential causative organisms (3) associated with CRD in rats?

A

Mycoplasma pulmonis, Sendai virus, cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (inhaled irritant - ammonia may also play role)

51
Q

What is the causative agent of pulmonic pseudotuberculosis in rats?

A

Corynebacterium kutscheri

52
Q

What is the gross lesion appearance of Corynebacterium kutscheri in rat lungs?

A

Multiple foci to coalescing consolidation and necrosis w/out asymmetric distribution/bronchiectatic appearance that happens with CRD

53
Q

What is the histologic appearance of Corynebacterium kutscheri in rat lungs?

A

Neutrophilic inflammation with large colonies of amorphous bacteria (pathognomonic)

54
Q

What is the histologic appearance of Mycoplasma pulmonis in rat lungs?

A

Peribronchiolar cuffing with lymphocytes and plasma cells

55
Q

What is the causative agent of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Clostridium piliforme

56
Q

What species can be affected by Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Rabbits, guinea pigs, myomorph rodents

57
Q

What is an example of the use of nanoparticles in ECM?

A

Liposomal bupivacaine

58
Q

List the bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

ECSTaTiC:
Erythromycin (macrolides)
Clindamycin
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

59
Q

List the bactericidal antibiotics.

A

Very Proficient For Complete Cell Murder:
Vancomycin
Penicillin
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Metronidazole

ABVP ECM Boards (19 decks)

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