Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ABVP ECM Boards > Ferrets > Flashcards

Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

What type of virus is canine distemper virus

A

Enveloped, non-segmented RNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What age do ferrets commonly get infected with distemper?

A

3-6 months (when they lose maternal antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What systems does CDV affect?

A

Respiratory, dermatologic, neurologic, (GI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the most common early signs of CDV?

A

Lethargy, oculonasal discharge, diarrhea +/- fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the mid-late signs of CDV?

A

Pruritus, papular rash affecting the chin and inguinal regions, hyperkeratosis, dyspnea, seizures, coma and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the gestation length in ferrets?

A

39-43 days (most at 41-42, after 43 they die in utero)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What age do ferrets wean?

A

6-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is significant about ferret milk?

A

The fat content is 8-10% fat at birth, increases to 20% fat at 3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can be used as a milk substitute for nursing ferrets?

A

Ideally keep at least partially on jill and add puppy/kitten MR q4 hrs OR 80% cows milk (full fat - 4%) + 20% chicken egg yolk or strained beef liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the prognosis for ferrets who contract CDV?

A

Poor - can reach up to 100% mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is CDV treated in ferrets?

A

Vaccination w/in 48hrs of infection (and to prevent transmission through herd), Vitamin A inj, oral Vit C, antibiotics, supportive care (famotidine, buprenorphine, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What vaccines can induce CDV infection?

A

Modified live canine or mink origin vaccines (but less fatal infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of ferret rotavirus?

A

Yellow, watery diarrhea, dehydration, distended abdomen, soiled/erythematous perineum, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is ferret rotavirus transmitted?

A

Contact with infectious mothers or contaminated environment; via fecal-oral or possibly respiratory route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What age ferrets are most affected by rotavirus?

A

<2 months of age, with 1-3 weeks being affected the worst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What group of ferrets has the highest morbidity with rotavirus?

A

Primiparous jills at 90% morbidity; decreases 10-20% with each gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is ferret rotavirus diagnosed?

A

Fecal or small intestinal segments via RT-PCR; ELISA will not detect all ferret rotavirus so not recommended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What species of coccidia affects ferrets?

A

Eimeria furonis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of vaccine is Purevax?

A

Live canarypox vector recombinant vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How long are maternal antibodies present in ferret kits?

A

6 to 14 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How common are congenital anomalies in ferrets?

A

They affect 3-4% of newborns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What association is there with appearance and congenital sensorineural deafness in ferrets?

A

Strong association with white-patterned coat and premature graying (panda, American panda, blaze colors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the suspected cause of CSD?

A

Failure of migration or maturation, premature death or dysfunction of neural crest melanocytes to stria vascularis of cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What behavioral changes can be seen in deaf ferrets?

A

Abnormal social interactions, biting tendencies, louder than normal vocalizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common ferret spinal congenital malformation?

A

Transitional vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most common congenital disease/malformation affecting the renal tract of ferrets?

A

Polycystic kidney disease (26% of ferrets in a study) and simple renal cysts (22%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At what age do ferret testicles descend?

A

In fetal development in most cases, but occasionally delayed for several months after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are two common differentials for diarrhea in juvenile ferrets?

A

Rotavirus and coccidiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What clinical signs can be observed with congenital cardiac malformations?

A

Cardiac murmur, exercise intolerance, chronic cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What diagnostic test(s) should juvenile ferrets with tetraparesis, paraparesis, or ataxia have done? What is the most common cause?

A

Spinal radiographs including skull +/- CT/myelogram; spinal malformations such as transitional or block vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What tissues should be examined for viral inclusions in suspected CDV cases in ferrets?

A

Urinary bladder, renal pelvis and biliary epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What 3 characteristics of the ferret GI tract indicate that they naturally consume little to no carbohydrates?

A
  1. Lack of cecum
  2. Limited brush border enzymes
  3. Unsophisticated gut microflora
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In terms of macronutrients, what should ferret diets consist of?

A

High protein (35-40% DMB) and fat (15-20% DMB), low to no carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What 3 essential fatty acids are required for optimal growth and health in ferrets?

A

Linoleic (omega 6), linolenic (omega 3), and arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is a fish-based diet not ideal for ferrets (2 reasons)?

A
  1. Palatability - ferrets don’t like
  2. Can cause thiamine deficiency due to thiaminase activity in fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the ideal protein:fat ratio for ferret diets?

A

2:1 protein:fat ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ferret diets should have less than __% carbohydrates and less than __% starch?

A

20%; 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the clinical signs of Helicobacter gastritis?

A

Melena, anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, hypersalivation, bruxism, coughing/gagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name 5 differentials for Helicobacter gastritis

A
  1. Foreign body
  2. Toxin ingestion
  3. Neoplasia
  4. NSAID usage
  5. Azotemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What areas of the stomach/SI does Helicobacter colonize?

A

Antral area of stomach and pyloric area of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is in the triple therapy commonly used to treat Helicobacter gastritis in ferrets?

A

Amoxicillin 10 mg/kg q8hrs, Metronidazole 20 mg/kg PO q8hrs, and bismuth subsalicylate 1 mL/kg PO q8hrs all for at least 21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the causative agent of epizootic catarrhal enteritis?

A

Ferret enteric coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What ferrets are most susceptible to ECE?

A

Adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How is ECE treated?

A

Prednisone 1 mg/kg PO BID x 14 days and easily digestible diet OR Tylosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What disease in ferrets resembles dry FIP in cats?

A

Ferret systemic coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What disease is associated with these clinical signs: chronic weight loss, palpable abdominal masses, diarrhea, hypergammaglobulinemia, leukocytosis, anemia and possible CNS signs?

A

Ferret systemic coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are 4 differentials for inflammatory bowel disease in ferrets?

A
  1. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
  2. ECE
  3. Dietary indiscretion
  4. Lymphoma (primary ddx)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are 4(+) causes of rectal prolapse in ferrets?

A

Coccidiosis, proliferative bowel disease, colitis, neoplasia (but really anything that causes diarrhea - prostatic disease, UO, enlarged sublumbar LN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What type of neoplasia can chronic Helicobacter gastritis cause?

A

Pyloric adenocarcinoma or MALT lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How can GI lymphoma be grossly differentiated from adenocarcinoma of the GIT?

A

Lymphoma tends to be more diffuse and blend with surrounding tissue; adenocarcinoma is more localized and can cause blockage more readily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How is Helicobacter gastritis diagnosed?

A

Typically a diagnosis of exclusion; Definitive - histopath of endoscopic or surgical biopsy with silver-stain OR PCR of gastric mucosa or feces

52
Q

What gastrointestinal condition is ubiquitous in North American ferrets and become clinically apparent at times of stress?

A

Helicobacter mustelae gastritis

53
Q

Chronic infection with what disease can cause a ‘bird seed-like’, tan diarrhea?

A

Ferret enteric coronavirus or epizootic catarrhal enteritis

54
Q

What appearance can the stool of anorexic ferrets have?

A

Dark green/bile stool that resembles melena

55
Q

What disease causes mucoid, green diarrhea, palpably thickened large bowel and proliferative rectal mucosa?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis or proliferative bowel disease

56
Q

How is proliferative bowel disease treated?

A

Chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg PO q12hrs x 10 days

57
Q

At what age are ferrets considered geriatric?

A

3 yrs old

58
Q

Where is blood pressure assessed in ferrets?

A

Forelimb or base of tail

59
Q

What is the most common cardiac disease in ferrets?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

60
Q

What test can differentiate between DCM, HCM and adult heartworms in the heart?

A

Echocardiography

61
Q

What medication/dose is used to decrease pulmonary edema?

A

Furosemide 2-2.5 mg/kg q8-12hrs

62
Q

What drugs are used to treat DCM in ferrets?

A

Digoxin initially, then switch to pimobendan for maintenance. Diuretics PRN, ACE-inhibitors s/a enalapril

63
Q

What drugs are used to treat HCM?

A

Beta blockers such as atenalol or Ca++ channel blocker like diltiazem

64
Q

What are the symptoms of a heart attack in ferrets?

A

Semiconsciousness, tachypnea, cold extremities, erratic cardiac rhythm or bradycardia

65
Q

How is a heart attack treated in ferrets?

A

Oxygen therapy, IV or IO dobutamine, atropine and lidocaine

66
Q

What is the MOA of deslorelin?

A

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist

67
Q

Besides a GnRH agonist, what other medications can be administered to a ferret with hyperadrenocorticism affecting the prostate?

A

Anti-androgen medications such as finasteride or bicalutamide

68
Q

What are 3 ways a ferret can be tested for myasthenia gravis?

A
  1. Electromyelography
  2. Serologic testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies
  3. Single dose of neostigmine methylsulfate administered IV - positive test shows significant lessening of clinical signs for ~6 hours
69
Q

How is myasthenia gravis treated in ferrets?

A

Pyridostigmine and prednisolone

70
Q

How do mast cell tumors in ferrets behave differently than in other small animals?

A

They do not metastasize and are benign, but can recur. Even with recurrence they do not carry a poor prognosis

71
Q

What is the most common cause of splenomegaly in ferrets?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

72
Q

What is the mechanism for EMH in ferrets?

A

Another medical condition increases the demand for tissue oxygen (s/a with cardiomyopathy)

73
Q

What are 6 potential causes of conjunctivitis in ferrets?

A

Improper bedding, early canine distemper virus, human influenza virus, salmonellosis, disseminated Mycobacterium, distichiasis

74
Q

What causes haired skin on the corneal surface of the eye?

A

Congenital dermoid cysts

75
Q

How can you check if bradycardia is vagally mediated?

A

Administer atropine 0.02-0.05 mg/kg IV, IM or SQ. If HR increases or there is improved SA/AV node conduction within 15-30 minutes there is vagal involvement

76
Q

If a ferret has a constant PR interval and a fixed relationship between atrial and ventricular rate of 2 P waves to each QRS complex, what type of block is this?

A

Second degree type II AV block

77
Q

What are the three mainstays in treatment of acute CHF in ferrets?

A

1) Oxygen therapy
2) Reduce preload with diuretics or nitroglycerin (venous dilator)
3) Reduce afterload w/ACE-inhibitors (induce vasodilation and decrease water and salt retention)

78
Q

How are ventricular tachycardias treated acutely and long term?

A

IV lidocaine, then beta blockers (atenolol) or calcium channel blockers (diltiazem)

79
Q

How are bradycardias or bradyarrhythmias treated?

A

Atropine short term, then longer acting parasympatholytics such as propantheline

80
Q

How is 3rd degree AV block treated?

A

Sympathomimetic drugs such as metaproterenol or isoproterenol or permanent pacemaker implantation

81
Q

What is the most reported congenital cardiac abnormality?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

82
Q

What are the most common acquired cardiac diseases in ferrets?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy and acquired valvular disease

83
Q

Ultrasound findings of thin ventricular walls, left ventricle dilation with increase in end-systolic/diastolic dimension, atrial enlargement, and reduced fractional shortening are consistent with what cardiac disease?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

84
Q

How do ACE-inhibitors help in CHF?

A

Reduce preload and afterload, improve cardiac output, and reduce congestion

85
Q

What diagnostic is the most useful in diagnosing heartworm disease in ferrets?

A

Echocardiography (Serology is first choice but false negatives are common)

86
Q

How are adult heartworms in ferrets treated?

A

Ivermectin 0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg q30d SQ until CS and microfilaremia resolution with prednisone for at least 4 months OR transvenous heartworm extraction

87
Q

How is microfilaremia in ferrets treated?

A

4-6 weeks after adulticide therapy, dithiazanine iodide or milbemycin oxime

88
Q

How is bacterial endocarditis diagnosed?

A

2+ positive blood cultures and echo evidence of vegetations/valve destruction or recent onset regurgitant murmur

89
Q

Where is a murmur associated with mitral valve regurgitation best ausculted? Tricuspid?

A

Systolic murmur over left apical region; right parasternal region

90
Q

Where is hair lost during seasonal alopecia and what season does it occur?

A

The tail and perineal area during breeding season; most prominent in jills

91
Q

A ferret presenting with brown cerumen in the ear canal should have wat test performed?

A

Otoscopy +/- ear cytology to evaluate for Otocariasis

92
Q

When should ivermectin be avoided in ferrets?

A

In pregnant jills due to teratogenicity

93
Q

A ferret presents with a pruritic rash on the chin and inguinal region, with swelling and hyperkeratosis of the footpads. It also has signs of a respiratory infection. What is the most likely diagnosis and what is the best initial test?

A

Canine distemper virus;
Antigen detection via IFA or PCR of conjunctival, tonsillar or respiratory secretions

94
Q

A ferret initially had annular alopecia and then developed nodules with ulcerations and discharge. What is the cause of this and what is it called?

A

Dermatophytosis spreading into the dermis/SQ;
Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma

95
Q

A ferret presents with an erythematous, scaly, pruritic rash on the nasal bridge with numerous cutaneous masses. What diagnostic should be performed and what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Impression smears of lesions revealing fungal hyphae or fungal growth of aspirates of masses/LNs;
Cryptococcosis

96
Q

What disease is transmitted via inhalation near sandy, acidic soil near water in Eastern North America?

A

Blastomycosis

97
Q

What organism causes cervical abscesses, or lumpy jaw? How is it treated?

A

Actinomyces spp.;
Penicillin or tetracycline

98
Q

A jill presenting with tail base alopecia, pale mucus membranes and ecchymoses is likely suffering from what?

A

Hyperestrogenism causing pancytopenia

99
Q

How is hyperestrogenism treated?

A

Acute stabilization, blood transfusion if needed, HCG or GnRH (deslorelin) to end estrus. Once stable, surgical or chemical neutering should be performed (deslorelin implant)

100
Q

What test should be done in a ferret with nonpruritic erythema, papules and crusts starting in the inguinal region and spreading to the axilla, face, ears and footpads?

A

Tape cytology to evaluate for cornified epithelial cells consistent with erythema multiforme

101
Q

Infection with what pathogen can cause respiratory disease, panniculitis, sialadenitis and abscesses?

A

Pseudomonas luteola

102
Q

What organism that causes SQ swellings in ferrets has the appearance of a 2-3 um rod-shaped organism with a clear to basophilic halo with Romanowsky stain?

A

Pseudomonas luteola

103
Q

How is infection with Pseudomonas luteola treated?

A

Abscess removal surgically; Third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, or aminoglycosides (only if not dehydrated) IV

104
Q

What clinical signs/findings can be seen with Pseudomonas luteola infection in ferrets?

A

Mediastinal masses, pleural effusion, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, bronchopneumonia, fever, dyspnea, swelling

105
Q

How is ferret hepatitis E virus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral and potentially through contaminated environment

106
Q

What 3 patterns of natural infection with ferret HEV have been noted?

A

Subclinical infection, acute hepatitis and persistent infection

107
Q

What findings can occur in ferrets with HEV?

A

Increased ALT and hepatomegaly, Increased IgG and IgM serum antibodies

108
Q

How does nociception cause changes to physiologic variables like heart rate?

A

By activating the sympathetic nervous system which leads to catecholamine release

109
Q

What drug caused 93% of ferrets to develop neuro signs and over 50% GI signs?

A

Ibuprofen

110
Q

What is the minimum lethal dose of ibuprofen in ferrets?

A

220 mg/kg

111
Q

Where are epidural injections typically administered in ferrets and why?

A

At the lumbosacral space because it is larger and because the dural sac does not extend past L7

112
Q

What pure mu opioid has a <2 hour duration of action in ferrets?

A

Hydromorphone

113
Q

What effect does isoflurane anesthetic gas have on ferret hematologic values?

A

A dramatic increase (36% reduction in PCV)

114
Q

When should sampling for blood glucose be performed in ferrets?

A

After a 4 hour fast to prevent hypoglycemia and avoid misinterpreting a postprandial hyperglycemia

115
Q

How much blood can be removed from a healthy 750g jill or a healthy 1 kg hob?

A

Up to 4 mL, and 6 mL. (Blood volume is 5-7% body weight, can remove up to 10% of that every 14 days)

116
Q

Where is the urethral opening located on male ferrets?

A

The ventral surface of the penis on the junction of the os penis and pink penis musculature (not at the very distal tip as the os penis extends more distally than the tissue)

117
Q

Where is CSF collected in ferrets?

A

The cisterna magna

118
Q

What are 4 major causes of anemia in ferrets?

A
  1. Bone marrow effacement, usually lymphoma
  2. Dirofilariasis (destruction)
  3. Anemia of chronic disease
  4. Adrenal disease (hyperestrogenism)
119
Q

A ferret with diarrhea and an absolute eosinophil count over 1700 is indicative of what disease process?

A

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE)

120
Q

For what analyte do ferrets have a narrow normal range, therefore even a slight increase is cause for concern?

A

Creatinine

121
Q

A ferret who has undergone bilateral adrenalectomy presents for lethargy and anorexia. Labwork shows hyperkalemia and a hyponatremia. What condition is this patient likely suffering from?

A

Iatrogenic Addison’s disease

122
Q

Hypergammaglobulinemia is associated with what infectious disease in ferrets?

A

Aleutian disease

123
Q

What 3 hormones should be assessed when evaluating a ferret for hyperadrenocorticism?

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Androstenodione
  3. 17-B-OH-progesterone
124
Q

A urine pH of >/< ___ will likely cause struvite formation in ferrets?

A

> 6.5

125
Q

What can cause green urine in ferrets?

A

Intravascular hemolysis (secondary to heartworm disease)

126
Q
A

ABVP ECM Boards (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions