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Literature Flashcards

1
Q

In the 2020 paper by Doss and Mans, this medication was found to be safe, effective and non-sedating when administered SQ under the mantle to African pygmy hedgehogs from 0.01-0.05 mg/kg.

A

Buprenorphine hydrochloride

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2
Q

For how long was buprenorphine hydrochloride found to be efficacious in hedgehogs at 0.01 mg/kg and at 0.03-0.05 mg/kg SQ?

A

0.01 mg/kg: 36 hours
0.03-0.05 mg/kg: 48 hours

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3
Q

The 2019 paper, “Effects of ______ emulsion in the ears of rabbits with perforated tympanic membranes” found that this drug has ototoxic effects in the middle ear of rabbits.

A

Enrofloxacin-silver sulfadiazine emulsion

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4
Q

The paper “Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate estimation by means of plasma clearance of iohexol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)” came to what conclusion?

A

Plasma clearance of iohexol is a safe, reliable, accurate way to measure GFR in domestic rabbits

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5
Q

What portion of the rabbit GI tract can be evaluated with both B-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) ultrasound to evaluate GI activity?

A

The duodenum and jejunum (and the two methods had high agreement)

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6
Q

“Effects of injectable dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane inhalation anesthetic protocols on ocular variables in captive black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)” found that what two ophthalmic variables decreased significantly over time under anesthesia?

A

Tear production and IOPs

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7
Q

“Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)” by Ozawa, et al came to what conclusion about plasma concentration of maropitant in rabbits after 24 hrs? What additional finding was significant?

A

Plasma concentrations were similar to dogs for both SQ and IV administrations.
Increased fecal output was noted in rabbits that received maropitant

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8
Q

Comparison of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam anesthetic protocol versus isoflurane inhalation anesthesia on echocardiography variables and plasma cardiac troponin I concentration in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) came to what conclusion about the anesthetic protocols used?

A

Echo findings didn’t change, but plasma troponin concentrations were increased in the group that received isoflurane as the second treatment (assumed to be a carryover affect from prior DKM treatment) - potential myocardial injury from DKM

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9
Q

Based on the findings in “Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after intravenous and intramuscular administration in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)”, how often should 0.3 mg/kg hydromorphine be administered IV and IM to maintain analgesic plasma concentrations?

A

IV - every 2-3 hours or IM - every 4-5 hours

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10
Q

The paper “Investigation for correction formulas on the basis of packed cell volume for blood glucose concentration measurements obtained with portable glucometers when used in rabbits” found blood glucose concentrations were falsely ___ for veterinary PBG when PCV was <31% and falsely ___ for all test methods with PCV >41%. What was the final conclusion?

A

Low; High
Veterinary PBG (on canine and feline setting) should not be used in rabbits
Human PBG had improved accuracy with a correction formula:
BG + ([0.75xPCV] - 15)

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11
Q

Vessel sealing devices were effective at sealing what tissues, making them potentially useful for ovariectomies?

A

Uterine horns (however they did not effectively seal cervical-vestibule junctions so should not be used for OVH)

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12
Q

Why is laparoscopic OVE not recommended (needs more studies) in rabbits based on this 2020 paper: Comparison of intra− and postoperative variables between laparoscopic and open ovariectomy in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)?

A

Surgery time was 2x longer, no evidence of pain reduction/faster return to physio status and SI perforation occurred in 1 rabbit

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13
Q

What dose of pimobendan is indicated for rabbits based on a 2022 study?

A

2 mg/kg in a critical care feeding formula q12-24hrs

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14
Q

Can firocoxib be used in rabbits?

A

While PK research shows plasma concentrations should be achieved, PD results do not show significant COX-2 inhibition so we need more studies

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15
Q

What adverse effects were noted with a single injection of high concentration buprenorphine (0.24 mg/kg) in healthy rabbits?

A

Decreased food and water consumption, less feces/urine production

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16
Q

What drug should only be used for short-term analgesia when injected into the mantle of hedgehogs?

A

Methadone at 1 to 1.5 mg/kg (lasts <2 hrs)

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17
Q

List 4 prognostic indicators of death in ferrets:

A

Hypothermia ~4x odds
Anemia ~5x odds
Hyperglycemia 2.6x odds
Severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL) - nearly 10x the odds!

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18
Q

What ADEs were seen when long-acting subcutaneous and transdermal buprenorphine was administered to rats?

A

Self-injurious behavior, hyperthermia, reduced food intake/fecal output

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19
Q

What clinical signs may be associated with ingestion of the pyrethroid insecticide, Bifenthrin, in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs?

A

Muscle fasciculations, seizure-like activity, stuporous mentation, hypertonicity

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20
Q

What did the study “Euthanasia of meat rabbits with carbon dioxide: behavioral and physiologic responses to gas chamber gradual- and fast-fill rates” conclude?

A

No signs of distress were seen with either method and there were minimal differences in behavioral responses

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21
Q

Pigs undergoing castration are 6.6 times more likely to develop a post-operative complication when what step is performed in the procedure? What was the most common complication?

A

Closure of the inguinal ring;
Peri-incisional swelling

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22
Q

What is the common name for Mesocricetus auratus?

A

Golden (syrian) hamster

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23
Q

Oral administration of carbonated beverages is a known medical treatment for what condition in pet pigs?

A

Obstipation

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24
Q

What fracture fixation technique offers the most strength in humeral fracture repairs in the rabbit?

A

Locking plate and locking screws

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25
Q

What is the documented behavior of gastric neuroendocrine tumors in ferrets?

A

Aggressive behavior and widespread metastasis

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26
Q

When should rhinolith and lymphocytic rhinitis be considered as a differential diagnoses in rabbits?

A

Upper respiratory tract signs that are resistant to antimicrobial treatment, especially if unilateral

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27
Q

According to a 2019 JAVMA article, what is the most common cause of dystocia in rabbit?

A

Fetal macrosomia w/ or w/out secondary uterine inertia

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28
Q

A high blood concentration of BUN and anorexia had what significance in rabbits evaluated at a referral center?

A

Higher risk of non-survival over 15 days

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29
Q

What effect does hypothermia have on prognosis for rabbits with RGIS?

A

5x more likely to die or be euthanized

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30
Q

How can reagent test strips for BUN be utilized in rabbits? In ferrets?

A

Rabbits - to rule out azotemia (false positives occurred); Ferrets better to confirm (false negatives occurred); Biochem analyzer still the gold standard

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31
Q

A 2019 JAVMA study evaluated CT findings in 100 rabbits and determined this between dental quadrant pairs?

A

Fair agreement in disease grades indicated a degree of asynchrony.

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32
Q

What were the most common CT findings associated with dental disease in a study evaluating 100 rabbits?

A

PM/M tooth curvature, apical elongation of PMs/Ms, dental points, deformation of mandibular canal, periodontal ligament widening

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33
Q

A study in Japan evaluated nearly 2000 rabbits that underwent OVH for suspected uterine disease. What were the top two most common histopath findings? What correlation did uterine disease have with age?

A
  1. Endometrial adenocarcinoma
  2. Endometrial hyperplasia

As age increased, do did the odds of uterine adenocarcinoma

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34
Q

According to a 2021 retrospective over uroliths submitted from 2010-2018 determined what type of urolith increased significantly in North American ferrets?

A

Cystine (>90% in NA vs. only 27% in Europe)

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35
Q

What correlation between age and cystine urolithiasis was noted in a 2021 retrospective study in ferrets?

A

Median age was only 2 yrs (vs. 4 yrs for other types of uroliths)

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36
Q

In a study evaluating cardiovascular disease in 59 rabbits, what was the most common: 1. clinical sign? 2. Radiographic abnormality? 3. ECG finding 4. Echo diagnosis? 5. Necropsy diagnosis?

A
  1. Heart murmur
  2. Cardiomegaly
  3. Supraventricular arrhythmias
  4. Degenerative valve disease
  5. Cardiomyopathy
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37
Q

What type of heart failure is most common based on a study in 59 rabbits with cardiovascular disease?

A

Right, left, and biventricular CHF occurred with equal incidence

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38
Q

For rabbits with suspected appendicitis, what 3 exam or lab findings should increase that suspicion?

A

Hyperthermia, hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia

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39
Q

What 5 factors are associated with a poorer prognosis in guinea pigs with urolithiasis?

A

Male, older age, anorexia, weight loss and hypothermia

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40
Q

In a study of 16 rabbits with lymphoma at UC Davis, what was the most common type of lymphoma diagnosed based on immunophenotyping?

A

Diffuse, large, B-cell lymphoma (also responded best to chemo treatment vs. the other types)

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41
Q

In a study evaluating 82 rabbits with liver lobe torsion, what factors were associated with a poorer prognosis? Better?

A

Right liver lobe torsion (vs. caudate), Moderate to severe anemia, Tachycardia at admission and more days without defecation after admission
Surgery had a longer MST than medical treatment (7-day equivalent) and use of tramadol had an increased survival rate

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42
Q

What was the most common presenting complaint for rats with lymphoma?

A

Respiratory abnormalities

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43
Q

In a study evaluating 80 guinea pigs with cardiac disease, what was the most common 1. clinical sign? exam finding? 2. Radiographic finding 3. Echo diagnosis and 4. what was the MST from diagnosis?

A
  1. Dyspnea, Heart murmur
  2. Cardiomegaly
  3. Cardiomyopathy (restrictive, hypertrophic, dilated)
  4. 2.5 months from diagnosis
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44
Q

In a study of 141 presentations of rabbits with surgically-managed small intestinal obstruction, what was the primary factor associated with a good prognosis?

A

Young age (<25 months specifically); >72 months were much less likely to survive

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45
Q

In a study evaluating the survival of rabbits with GI obstructions, what 2 factors were associated with survival to discharge?

A

Treatment with a lidocaine CRI and male rabbits

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46
Q

A study evaluating the California MSW strain of myxoma virus showed infection caused what clinical signs most commonly?

A

Bilateral blepharedema, anogenital edema, fever and sudden death

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47
Q

What virus can cause eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in keratinocytes of affected skin in rabbits?

A

Myxomatosis

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48
Q

What is the most likely differential for an ulcerative skin mass on the limb of a geriatric (15 yr+) chinchilla causing automutilation?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (case series w/3)

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49
Q

What type of bacteria made up 83% of isolates in a study evaluating the normal aerobic bacterial flora of the cornea and conjunctiva of Mesocricetus auratus (Syrian hamster)?

A

Gram positive bacteria

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50
Q

What conclusion did the study “Effects of Natural UV Radiation on 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Concentrations in Female Guinea Pigs” (and a similar study in NZW rabbits) reach?

A

Female g pigs can increase 25-OHD3 concentration after exposure to natural sunlight, so UVB supplementation/outside time should be considered (same w/rabbits)

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51
Q

How can nitrate toxicity be treated in rabbits?

A

Aqueous garlic extract alone or in combo with methylene blue

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52
Q

By what route of infection did a case report describe sugar gliders and hedgehogs contracting Trypanosoma cruzi infection?

A

Ingestion of infected Triatoma insects

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53
Q

What fungal infection should be considered a differential for ferrets with chronic diarrhea? How is it diagnosed?

A

Histoplasmosis;
Histopath w/special staining or urine antigen test

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54
Q

What approach was determined to be faster for degu orchiectomy?

A

Prescrotal (vs. scrotal)

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55
Q

What did the study “Assessment of the respiratory tract distribution of fluorescein by nebulization in rats” determine about nasal inhalation of nebulized substances in rats?

A

Fluorescence was observed throughout the entire respiratory tract of all nebulized rats showing nebulization is effective at delivering meds directly to alveoli

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56
Q

What organ is most commonly herniated in rabbits with diaphragmatic hernia? What sex is predilected?

A

The right kidney, 15/16 were in females

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57
Q

What were the most commonly isolated organism in guinea pig eyes with conjunctivitis? With healthy guinea pigs?

A

Staphylococcus and Morexella spp.; Staphylococcus and Bacillus spp.

58
Q

What fungal disease should be considered in ferrets with respiratory and CNS clinical signs?

A

Blastomycosis

59
Q

What was the MST for ferrets with lymphoma treated with modified COP +/- additional chemo in a retrospective study of 44 cases?

A

~14 months (429 days)

60
Q

What was the effect of deslorelin implants placed after benign mammary tumor surgical excision in rats?

A

Implants did not decrease the risk of developing subsequent tumors and did not increase survival

61
Q

How has tracheal stricture successfully been treated in a rabbit 12 days post-operatively for OVH, mass excision?

A

Intraluminal tracheal stent placement

62
Q

What surgical procedure can be used to correct grade III medial patellar luxation in rabbits?

A

Trochlear wedge recession and lateral imbrication

63
Q

What organism is a potentially emerging pathogen in ferrets in the US that can cause cervical abscesses, lethargy and decreased appetite?

A

Pseudomonas luteola

64
Q

Which is true about thyroid disease in rabbits?
A. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome is not applicable in rabbits.
B. Both total and free T4 values were significantly lower in sick animals in a recent study
C. TT4 values of rabbits with urinary tract disease were more affected.

A

B is correct. A - wrong; C - fractures, obstructive ileus has particularly low TT4 levels

65
Q

Between what muscles is the transversus abdominis plane block (TAP block) administered?

A

Internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

66
Q

Which is true about acid-base status and blood gas analysis in a study of rabbits w/gastric stasis and dilation?
A. The pH returned to normal after treatment in 50% of animals
B. Less than half of the examined animals had acidosis
C. pCO2, HCO3 and base excess were significantly lower in animals presented 12 hrs after illness noted vs. animals presented w/in 6 hours

A

C is correct. A - 94% returned to normal w/treatment; B - 57% had acidosis

67
Q

True or false: Differences in duration of anesthesia of 15 or 45 minutes does not have an effect on recovery time or postanesthetic food intake in hedgehogs.

A

True

68
Q

Which is true about otitis media and interna in guinea pigs?
A. Videotoscopy assisted myringotomy is a quick procedure that allows for collection of samples for c/s and provides symptomatic relief
B. Medical treatment alone is often effective.
C. Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy is a low-risk, rewarding procedure in guinea pigs

A

A. is correct B - typically not effective. C. High risk, potential for death

69
Q

Which is false regarding a recent study on the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in rabbits?
A. 100% of the presenting rabbits had vision loss
B. Only secondary glaucoma is described in rabbits
C. Topical medications, enucleation and intravitreal gentamicin injection were successful treatment options

A

B. Congenital and secondary (to cataracts, uveitis, other) described.

70
Q

What cells are present in higher cellularity in the nasolacrimal duct of healthy rabbits?

A

Heterophils

71
Q

What is the approximate normal chinchilla renal length based on CT imaging?

A

2.25-2.4 cm (no correlation with L2 body length!)

72
Q

Which is TRUE regarding temperature evaluation in ferrets using digital, infrared and tympanic thermometry?
A. Sample time and day resulted in significantly different temperature readings.
B. No methods had agreement among each other.
C. Readings of tympanic thermometry on dorsal skin with respect to rectal thermometry had some agreement.

A

C is correct
(A - no difference)

73
Q

Which is FALSE regarding telazol administration, followed by flumazenil reversal, in hedgehogs?
A. 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg provided heavy sedation to light anesthesia, but did not allow for intubation
B. 30 mg/kg provided deeper sedation, but longer recovery times vs. 10 mg/kg
C. Flumazenil did not have any effect on recovery time or postop food intake

A

C is false. Flumazenil did not have statistically significant effect on recovery BUT recovery times were faster in 10 mg/kg group and mean food intake increased in that group vs. those that did not receive flumazenil

74
Q

Administration of multiple formulations of what drug results in a marked, but self limiting reduction in food intake in chinchillas?

A

Metronidazole (tested 2 different concentrations and formulations)

75
Q

Which is true regarding usage of topical antiglaucoma agents in nonglaucomatous rabbits?
A. Latanoprost can be considered as a glaucoma medication in rabbits, Demarcarium cannot.
B. Demecarium can be considered as a glaucoma medication in rabbits, Latanoprost cannot
C. Latanoprost caused increased IOP and Demecarium did not have any effect on IOP

A

A is true.
Latanoprost had no effect on IOP, but did increase the iridocorneal angle, so could be used. Demecarium decreased intracorneal angle and increased IOP so should not be used.

76
Q

What affect does an increased dose (10 mg/kg vs previously recommended 0.5 mg/kg) of cisapride in chinchillas have after sedation?

A

Minimal effect when combined w/syringe feedings and zero effect on fecal output without syringe feedings

77
Q

Which is TRUE concerning outcomes/survival times of rabbits with thymoma treated with prednisolone, radiotherapy (IMRT), or untreated?
A. IMRT had significantly higher survival times relative to untreated rabbits
B. Glucocorticoid therapy reduced clinical signs with minimal ADEs and increased MST relative to no treatment
C. IMRT had no adverse outcomes

A

B is correct
IMRT had similar survival times relative to no treatment (likely because 1/5 died from anesthetic complications - C)

78
Q

How prevalent is copper accumulation leading to hepatotoxicosis in sugar gliders with hepatopathies?

A

28%

79
Q

What clinical signs and path findings were noted in sugar gliders with hepatic copper accumulation?

A

Icterus, non-ataxia neurologic signs; hepatic masses, biliary hyperplasia, cholestasis

80
Q

What effect did 1 drop of tafluprost and latanoprost have on IOPs of healthy guinea pigs?

A

No significant effect

81
Q

When should nasopharyngeal stenosis be suspected in guinea pigs? How can it be diagnosed? What location did it commonly narrow in the nasal passage?

A

Persistent UR signs; CT; Choana

82
Q

What treatment could be considered for hyperandrogenism associated with adrenal disease in rabbits?

A

Deslorelin implant

83
Q

The odds of a malignant uterine tumor in rabbits over 3 years age was ___x higher than rabbits under 3 years in a 2022 JEPM study

A

19x

84
Q

Which is TRUE regarding a study evaluating gabapentin usage in mice with ulcerative dermatitis?
A. No mice responded to treatment
B. Dosage ranged from 50 mg/kg q24hrs to 300 mg/kg q8hrs
C. 5/14 showed partial to complete improvement

A

B is true
A - 2 mice resolved and were able to be weaned off gaba
C - 13/14 showed partial to complete improvement

85
Q

In a study evaluating the microbiome of the external ear in both healthy and rabbits with otitis externa, what were the most common organisms found in the OE group?
A. Staphyloccocus aureus, Corynebacterium lactis, Corynebacterium mastitidis
B. Staphylocuccus epidermidis and uncharacterized Phytoplasma from family Acholeplasmataceae
C. Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccus aureus

A

A is correct
B was the healthy ear flora
C is made up

86
Q

What is a potential adverse effect of microchip placement in sugar gliders?

A

Dermatitis, necrosis and self-mutilation

87
Q

In a JEPM study evaluating cause of death in rabbits, which of the following is FALSE:
A. The most common cause of death in rabbits >5 yrs of age was neoplasia
B. The most common cause of death in rabbits 4 yrs or less was gastrointestinal disease
C. The median age at death was 9 yrs.

A

C is false - median was 7 years; 18% of all rabbits lived >9 yrs

88
Q

Based on a recent JSAP article, what is the prognosis of cervicofacial cellulitis in rabbits with facial swelling and a fever (with no underlying perio/dental dz)

A

Guarded to poor - 1 immediately euth, 3 euth w/in 24 hrs, 1 responded and then recurred and was euth’d, 1 recurred then responded again and then died of unstated cause

89
Q

In a recent JSAP study of rabbits that underwent PECALBO, what was the complication rate and overall prognosis?

A

Complications 65% but most resolved, 75% had good final outcome; 25% died of causes potentially related to ear disease

90
Q

What is the most common cause of intranasal neoplasms in degus based on a 2022 JSAP study?

A

Benign mesenchymal tumors (16 fibromas, 4 osteomas)

91
Q

Guinea pigs presenting with hypothermia at presentation had a __ times greater risk than those w/out hypothermia. For each 0.55*C decrease in rectal temp, the odds of death increased __x.
A. 3x; 1.6x
B. 1.6x; 3x
C. 9x, 3x

A

A. 3x; 1.6x

92
Q

Can ureteral stents be placed in rabbits for ureterolithiasis?

A

Yes, but they will likely become encrusted and re-obstruct at some point in the future (1-18 months based on this paper)

93
Q

What procedure can effectively resolve uterine prolapse in rabbits?

A

Repositioning utilizing internal traction and then ovariohysterovaginectomy

94
Q

Which of the following is FALSE concerning a study evaluating for RHDV2 in rabbits that acutely died in the UK?
A. 62% of the rabbits demonstrated evidence of RHD (hepatocellular necrosis)
B. Macroscopic abnormalities were seen in 100% of the RHDV2 affected rabbits
C. Rapid death and death of other rabbits in the household was common in those affected

A

B. Macroscopic abnormalities were only seen in 42% of confirmed cases

95
Q

What do the ECG waveforms look like in rabbits with complete right bundle branch block?

A

Regular rhythm w/normal HR, Normal P wave duration/amplitude/polarity, fixed/normal duration PR intervals (all normal)
Abnormal - wide QRS complexes w/large S-waves w/right-axis deviation

96
Q

What was the most common bacterial and fungal flora in healthy rabbit conjunctiva?

A

Corynebacterium sp. (~32%), Aspergillus (37%)

97
Q

What is the indicate for epicardial pacemaker placement in ferrets and what approach is most commonly utilized?

A

High-grade second-degree or third-degree AV block; Transdiaphragmatic most common

98
Q

What was the median survival time for ferrets with an epicardial pacemaker for high grade AV block in a recent JVC article?

A

24 months

99
Q

What did a study evaluating platelet indices in rats with induced Type 1 Diabetes mellitus find?

A

A decrease in platelet count but increase in mean platelet volume in diabetic rats vs. baseline

100
Q

In New Zealand White rabbits, how long can blood be stored at 4C (39F) for accurate PCV measurement? For remainder of hematology?

A

Up to 72 hours later; within an hour

101
Q

What did a JVCP study find regarding the effects of crossbreeding, age and sex on erythrocyte indices and biochemical variables relative to existing reference intervals?

A

The results diverged from existing reference intervals for New Zealand white rabbits; Statistically significant differences among age groups for Hgb, HCT and Crea

102
Q

What were common findings between 2 pet rabbits with RHDV2 infection in a JVCP paper?

A

Thrombocytopenia, decreased AST/ALT/fibrinogen, Increased PT, aPTT times, severely increased Alkp, GGT, high BA/tBili, acidic urine, bilirubinuria, proteinuria, marked icterus

103
Q

What was the presentation of ferrets with confirmed epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma?

A

Erythematous/crusted lesions on foot in 2 ferrets; multiple erythematous papules over lumbar region in 1 ferret

104
Q

How was splenic hemangiosarcoma in Guinea pigs treated in 5 cases in a 2023 JEPM paper?

A

Splenectomy, MST 6 months

105
Q

What effect does anesthesia have on splenic thickness in rabbits?

A

It is significantly thicker (+0.3 mm) in anesthetized rabbits

106
Q

What did the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in rabbits study show?

A

A single dose of 50 mg/kg didn’t have higher plasma concentrations vs. 25 mg/kg and there were no differences M-F in either group

107
Q

What was the outcome of utilizing percutaneous cystolithotomy to relieve urethral obstruction in 4 ferrets?

A

3 recovered, 1 died during anesthetic recovery; post-op rads showed removal of all stones in all patients

108
Q

What dose of subcutaneous alfaxalone was found to be effective for sedation (loss of righting reflex for >10 minutes) in ferrets?

A

Both 10 mg/kg and 12.5 mg/kg were effective (higher - longer duration and higher sedation score)

109
Q

What is a pseudopterygium in rabbits?

A

Circumferential overgrowth of the conjunctiva over the cornea without adherence to the corneal surface (more common - but 2 cases described in JEPM had adhesions aka pterygium)

110
Q

What effect did maropitant dosed at 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg have when given to rabbits following orchiectomy or OVH?

A

No real effect (but had good analgesia on board)

111
Q

What route of methadone (IV, IM, or SQ) reached highest plasma concentrations in rabbits?

A

IV (but we don’t know minimum effective plasma concentration so need more studies)

112
Q

Which is the most reliable spinal reflex with good ability to elicit the expected response in a 2024 JEPM study on neuro exams in guinea pigs?
A) Withdrawal reflex
B) Visual paw placement
C) Patellar reflex

A

A) withdrawal for both thoracic and pelvic limbs

113
Q

How long can the multidose vial of the recombinant subunit RHDV2 vaccine be utilized without compromising sterility based on a 2024 JEPM study?
A) 30 days
B) 9 days
C) 16 days

A

C) 16 days

114
Q

How can intracardiac thrombi be identified in guinea pigs (2 ways)?

A

Echocardiogram, contrast-enhanced CT

115
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding renal parameters in healthy ferrets?
A) The SDMA reference interval for ferrets is higher than dogs and cats
B) The UPC ratio in ferrets is similar to dogs
C) Physiologic creatinine values in ferrets are lower than dogs and cats

A

A) SDMA RI is lower in ferrets

116
Q

Which factor does NOT increase likelihood of malignancy in guinea pigs with mammary neoplasia?
A) Advanced age
B) Right sided location
C) Male sex

A

B) location did not affect likelihood

117
Q

Which IV catheter site carries the highest risk of failure in rabbits based on a 2024 JEPM study?
A) Cephalic vein
B) Marginal ear vein
C) Lateral saphenous vein

A

A) cephalic had the largest risk of failure

118
Q

In a 2024 JVDI study of cases received at diagnostic labs in California, what classification of rabbits had the highest median age? What was the overall conclusion of the study?

A

Pet rabbits (5.9yrs); Purpose of use can predict prevalence of disease in rabbits

119
Q

In a 2024 JVDI study of cases received at diagnostic labs in California, which purpose of rabbit is NOT matched with it’s predominant issue?
A) Pet - Neoplasms of skin, repro tract and hematolymphoid systems
B) Meat - infx/parasitic pneumonias, mostly Pasteurella
C) Multipurpose - RHDV
D) Lab - infectious pneumonias

A

D) Lab - high prevalence of enterotyphlocolitis, mostly due to opportunistic colibacillosis

120
Q

In a JVDI article from 2024, what were the 2 most common infectious disease processes causing mortality in rabbits in the Canary Islands? Noninfectious?

A

E cuniculi and RHDV
Perioperative mortality

121
Q

A JVDI retrospective in 2024 evaluated orofacial masses in domestic rabbits. Which category made up the majority of the diagnoses?
A) Neoplastic
B) Inflammatory/infectious
C) Other - cysts, hyperplasia, etc

A

A) Neoplasia was 60%, then inflammatory (30%)

122
Q

What percentage of isolates were multi-drug resistant in a retrospective analysis of pathogens from rabbits in Hong Kong in JVDI 2024?
A) 32%
B) 65%
C) 49%

A

C) 49% were multi-drug resistant; 83% had resistance to at least 1 antimicrobial

123
Q

What histologic lesions were associated with spontaneous catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy in lab NZW rabbits?

A

Apical subendocardial myocardial degeneration and necrosis

124
Q

What are 2 alternatives to liver submission for detection of RHDV2 by RT-rtPCR in wild lagomorphs?

A

Blood on filter paper and ear punches

125
Q

How do cutaneous MCTs typically present in mini pigs?

A

In the dermis; well-demarcated, unencapsulated, nodular or multinodular; microscopically - well-differentiated cells w/low mitotic count; KIT immunoreactivity common

126
Q

What was unique about RHDV2 behavior in the Washington outbreak in 2019?

A

Lack of significant clinical signs prior to death in affected rabbits and random distribution of hepatic necrosis

127
Q

During creation of a proposed grading scheme for IBD in ferrets, a positive correlation was observed between what two factors and severity of clinical signs?

A

Age and females

128
Q

In a study evaluating oral masses in 27 hedgehogs, how common was SCC and where were they most commonly diagnosed?

A

17/19 neoplastic masses (and 27 total!)
12 arose from right-caudal maxilla

129
Q

What organ does zinc overload affect in pigs?

A

It causes pancreatic atrophy

130
Q

Midazolam-ketamine-butorphanol was recently evaluated for its impact on ocular variables and sedation in NZW rabbits. While no impacts were noted on IOP or tear production, what did the study determine was the difference in IN vs. IM administration?

A

IN admin resulted in a shorter onset and duration of action vs. IM administration
(another study found the same for Dexmed/Midazolam IN vs. IM)

131
Q

A study recently evaluated hydromorphone administered in ferrets at 0.2 mg/kg IV and SQ. What did the study determine?

A

It was well absorbed via both routes and plasma concentrations remained at levels analgesic in other species for 2 hours

132
Q

What are the oculocardiac and oculorespiratory reflexes?

A

Decrease in heart rate, and bradypnea/respiratory arrest following globe pressure or traction of extraocular muscles

133
Q

Is alfaxalone effective intranasally in rabbits?

A

Yes - dose-dependent sedation/respiratory depression observed in a VAA study

134
Q

What was the result of applying EMLA cream 60 minutes before attempting IVC placement in rabbit marginal ear veins?

A

10x odds of successful catheter placement vs. placebo

135
Q

Which combination provided the best estimation of MAP compared to IBP readings in NZW rabbits?
A) Hindlimb, 2 cm cuff
B) Forelimb, 2.5 cm cuff
C) Forelimb, 2 cm cuff

A

C) forelimb, 2 cm cuff

136
Q

What did a study evaluating use of a SGAD (VGel R1) in African pygmy hedgehogs determine?

A

The device was quickly/easily placed, allowed lung inflation, and caused no significant oropharyngeal damage. However, it did required repositioning in 50% of the hedgehogs to maintain lung inflation/capnography readings

137
Q

What was an effective treatment for hypotension in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized NZW rabbits?

A

CRI of norepinephrine at 0.5-1.0 ug/kg/min

138
Q

What did a study evaluating the pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs find regarding meloxicam when dose at 1.5 mg/kg PO and IV?

A

Terminal half life was short - 3.5-3.7 hours

139
Q

Which is TRUE regarding the chinchilla retina?
A) Chinchillas have a pure rod retina
B) Chinchillas have higher cone density in the peripheral retina.
C) Chinchillas have more red/green cones than blue cones

A

C is true
A - common belief, disproved by this study
B - higher cone density in central retina

140
Q

Which is NOT an advantage of a right paracostal approach (vs. ventral midline) for caudate liver lobe resection in rabbits with liver lobe torsion?
A) Reduced anesthesia/surgical time
B) Lower mortality
C) Shorter time until eating

A

A) anesthesia/surgery time was equal
Provided good exposure while avoiding GI tract maniuplation

141
Q

Which of the following is true regarding lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization (LECARBOM) in rabbits with CT-confirmed OM?
A) The most frequent bacteria isolated was Bordetella bronchiseptica
B) Bacteria were sensitive to penicillin
C) Postoperative complications occurred in 25% of cases

A

C is true
A - Pasteurella multocida most frequent
B - Bacteria were resistant to penicillin; sensitive to Azithromycin (so should be 1st choice), Marbo/enro

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