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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of different hydrocarbons
Formed from the remains of plankton that died millions of years ago and got buried in mud

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2
Q

Uses of crude oil

A

Plastic
Petrol
Pharmaceuticals
Cosmetics

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3
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Made of hydrogen and carbon atoms

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4
Q

Alkane

A

A type of hydrocarbon
Carbon surrounded by hydrogen with single bonds

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5
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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6
Q

Why are alkanes saturated molecules?

A

Because carbon can only have 4 bonds
And in alkanes they are fully bonded with single molecules showing they have the maximum number of hydrogens possible

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7
Q

Viscosity

A

Thickness of a fluid
High viscosity = thick and doesn’t flow easily
Low viscosity = think and flows easily

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8
Q

Properties of long chain hydrocarbons

A

Viscos/ think (flows slowly)
Less flammable
High boiling point (requires more energy to overcome bonds)

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9
Q

Properties of short chain hydrocarbons

A

Not viscos (Thin) flows easily
Flammable
Low boiling point (not much energy required to break bonds)

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10
Q

How does properties of hydrocarbons change?

A

When written all down, they change proportionally going up or down
Eg going up they increase in viscosity

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11
Q

How are hydrocarbons used for fuels?

A

Alkanes are combusted ie burnt

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12
Q

What does complete combustion of alkanes release?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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13
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Separating crude oil into ‘fractions’ in a column
Depending in their chain length eg long chain or shirt chain thus their properties
Done so we can use the different hydrocarbon lengths for different purposes

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14
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Crude oil heated and becomes a gas
Enters the column, where it’s hot at the bottom and cool at the top
As the gas rises up the column, different hydrocarbons will reach their boiling point at different points
The long ones reach it at the hot bottom so they condense there and leave
Short ones condense into liquid at the top and leave
Very short ones remain as gases and leave

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15
Q

Long chain hydrocarbon uses

A

Fuel for ships and power stations
Bitumen/ asphalt for roads
Diesel

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16
Q

Short chain hydrocarbon uses

A

Fuel for aircraft
Petrol
Fuel for house cooking

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17
Q

Cracking

A

Process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons to be shorter
As shorter ones are more flammable and easier use for fuel
This does not involve crude oil. ONLY HYDROCARBONS

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18
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

A short chain alkane and an alkene

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19
Q

Conditions for catalytic cracking

A

Very high temperature
Catalyst to speed it up

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20
Q

Steam cracking conditions

A

Very high temp
Steam

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21
Q

Alkene

A

Type of hydrocarbon with 1 double covalent bond between 2 carbon atoms

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22
Q

Alkene general formula

A

Cn H2n

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23
Q

Are alkenes saturated?

A

No.
Because they have 2 less hydrogen molecules than the corresponding alkane they possibly can have

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24
Q

Does methene exist?

A

No because there must be a double bond between 2 carbon atoms
But meth- only has 1 carbon atom so it’s not possible

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25
Q

Use of alkenes

A

Making polymers
As a starting material for other chemicals
More reactive than corresponding alkane

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26
Q

How to test for alkenes?

A

Add orange bromine water to it
Shake, if it’s an Alkene it goes from
Orange to colourless
NOTTTTT CLEARRRRRRR

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27
Q

What happens when alkenes are combusted?

A

They burn in air with a smoky flame
Produces carbon dioxide and water just like with alkane
Also produces unburnt carbon atoms due to incomplete combustion

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28
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Using hydrogen in order to turn an alkane into its corresponding Alkene

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29
Q

Conditions for hydrogenation

A

Temp of 150°c
A nickel catalyst

30
Q

What happens in hydrogenation?

A

2 hydrogen atoms react with an alkene
Which 2 double bonds in the Alkene break
Thus allowing the 2 hydrogens to bond and become an alkane

31
Q

Hydration

A

Adding water gas (steam) to an Alkene
To produce alcohol

32
Q

What happens during hydration?

A

An Alkene reacts with a water molecule
Double bond in Alkene breaks so it’s a single carbon to carbon bond
One hydrogen bonds to the end of a carbon atom
The other hydrogen and oxygen bond to the other side

33
Q

Conditions for hydration?

A

Temperature 300°c
Pressure 70 atm
Phosphoric acid catalyst

34
Q

What is special about a hydration reaction?

A

It is reversible
So if we want to increase the yield pass it back through a catalyst

35
Q

Alkenes reaction with halogens

A

When the double carbon to carbon bond breaks up
And the 2 halogen atoms bond to either side
Forming a new product

36
Q

Name of product formed when halogen reacts with alkene?

A

Di + stem of the halogen + corresponding alkane
Eg ethene + iodine = diiodoethane

37
Q

What produces alcohol using an Alkene?

A

Hydration of alkenes
Eg adding an extra hydrogen atom and and oxygen and hydrogen atom to the end of it

38
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

-OH

39
Q

Alcohol structural formula

A

CH3OH

40
Q

Ethanol formula

A

CH3CH2OH

41
Q

Why do we break the formula of alcohols up for each carbon atom?

A

We just do idk

42
Q

Why do we use fermentation to create ethanol not hydration or ethene?

A

Because hydration of ethene
Requires too high temp
And lots of energy
Also because ethene is non renewable

43
Q

What do we ferment to make ethanol?

A

Glucose

44
Q

Fermentation of sugar steps

A

Sugar solution and yeast
Heat to 30°C
With no oxygen
Makes ethanol

45
Q

Cons of fermentation

A

We must purify the ethanol solution after because it makes liquid ethanol
Which requires energy = not cost efficient

46
Q

What happens if you add alcohol to water?

A

They dissolve (soluble)
And form neutral solutions

47
Q

Does the solubility of alcohols change?

A

Yes
Long chain alcohols ie with more carbon atoms are less soluble

48
Q

What happens if you react alcohol with sodium?

A

You make sodium _oxide (eg methoxide) and hydrogen

49
Q

What happens if you react alcohol with an oxidising agent?

A

They make a carboxylic acid and water

50
Q

What does combusting alcohol in air release?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

51
Q

How to balance combustion equations

A

Start with carbon atoms
Then hydrogen atoms
Then oxygen atoms

52
Q

What makes carboxylic acids?

A

When alcohols are reacted with an oxidising agent

53
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

C=O
|
OH

54
Q

Structural formula for carboxylic acid

A

_COOH

55
Q

How to identify what carboxylic acid it is from the structural formula?

A

Count the number of carbon atoms
And it’s corresponding alkane shows what acid it is

56
Q

Carboxylic acid dissolved in water

A

They are weak acids
As they are not fully ionising
And a reversible reaction

57
Q

Carboxylic acids with metal carbonates

A

Makes the a salt:
metal + stem of the acid + ate
For example sodium ethanoate

And carbon dioxide and water

58
Q

Carboxylic acid and alcohols

A

Makes esters and water

59
Q

Conditions for carboxylic acid + alcohol reaction

A

Requires sulfuric acid catalyst

60
Q

Reaction for alcohol and carboxylic acid description

A

Hydrogen from the end of the oxygen molecule in the alcohol breaks off
The hydrogen and oxygen molecule from the carboxylic acid breaks off
These 3 form water
The rest creates the ester

61
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecule by joining together thousands of small identical molecules (monomers)

62
Q

2 different types of polymers

A

Addition polymers
Condensation polymers

63
Q

What are addition polymers?

A

When ALKENE monomers make a large polymer
By opening its double bond to join them together

64
Q

What are the bonds in addition polymers?

A

Single although the alkenes have double bonds

65
Q

Short hand way of showing polymer name

A

Repeating unit

66
Q

Repeating unit

A

Select 2 carbon atoms from chain
Draw atoms around it
Put in brackets with a small n outside

67
Q

Repeating unit vs monomer

A

Repeating unit has single bond
Monomer has double bond
Repeating unit has brackets around and a small n
Otherwise same molecules used

68
Q

Condensation polymer

A

Made from monomers
But they are not alkenes like addition polymers
And we lose small water molecules

69
Q

Formation of condensation monomers

A

2 different monomers
These monomers have 2 of the same functional groups:
ethane diol has alcohol functional group
And hexanedioic acid with 2 carboxylic acid groups
Reacting alcohol and carboxylic acid forms ester and water so we have an ester in the middle and water at the side
Thus molecules are added and reacted at the end to form a long chain

70
Q

Polyester

A

Thousands of monomers joined together to make the polymer

71
Q

Repeating unit for condensation polymers

A

Work out what the 2 functional groups will form
Select 2 of these
Draw it with brackets around it with the number at the side of it small outside the bracket

Chemistry (46 decks)

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