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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Organelles quick questions > Flashcards

Organelles quick questions Flashcards

chapter 7

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1
Q

Which cell functions in:
cell adhesion, recognition and
communication, and…

A

Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

What are the 2 main components of plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids molecules and Protein molecules (also cholesterol)

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3
Q

How long is a DNA strand?

A

2 meters long

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4
Q

Difference b/w chromatin and chromosomes?

A

Chromatin: loosely arranged DNA and protein
Chromosomes: tightly packed DNA

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5
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

23 pairs = 46 chromosomes

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6
Q

Which organelle ensures everything that enters/leaves the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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7
Q

Why would we want to separate internal and external environments with plasma membranes?

A

To regulate movement in/out of cells

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8
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

the head

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9
Q

A phospholipid is what kind of molecule?

A

it’s an amphipathic molecule
head = hydrophilic
tail = hydrophobic

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10
Q

Is the cell membrane selectively permeable or completely permeable?

A

selectively permeable

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11
Q

How do we call the region b/w the nucleus and the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

The fluid substance within the membrane

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

Which organelle is wrapped in “double membrane”

A

nucleus

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14
Q

Is the nucleolus membrane-bound?

A

no

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15
Q

What makes ribosomes?

A

nucleus

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16
Q

Why does the nucleus have pores?

A

to permit exchange of materials b/w nucleus and cytoplasm

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17
Q

How do we call the double membrane on the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope

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18
Q

Main function of Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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19
Q

Which organelle is continuous with the nuclear
envelope

A

ER

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20
Q

What does ER stand for?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

Name the 2 kinds of ER

A

RER (Rough ER)
SER (Smooth ER)

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22
Q

Does RER or SER have ribosomes?

A

RER has ribosomes

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23
Q

Which ER produces proteins

A

RER

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24
Q

Does RER or SER distribute proteins by transport vesicules?

A

RER

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25
Q

2 main functions of RER

A

Synthesis and transport of proteins +
Modification of proteins

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26
Q

What does SER synthesize?

A

Fats: lipids, phospholipids, steroids

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27
Q

Which ER detoxifies poison? RER or SER?

A

Smooth ER

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28
Q

Which ER metabolizes carbohydrates and stores some minerals?

A

SER

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29
Q

4 main functions of SER

A
  • synthesize and transport lipids
  • detox
  • metabolize
  • storage of calcium
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30
Q

What is one word you think of when talking of Golgi Apparatus

A

Warehouse

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31
Q

Which organelle has the functions of manufacturing, sorting, shipping center for cell products?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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32
Q

True or False: Golgi synthesizes carbohydrates

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Which organelle modifies the chemicals of molecules?

A

Golgi

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34
Q

What are the main functions of vesicles?

A

Store and transport chemicals throughout the cell

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35
Q

What organelle are called membrane-enclosed sacs

A

vesicles

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36
Q

How many types of vesicles are there?

A

2 types of vesicles:
Transport (ER)
Secretory (Golgi)

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37
Q

Nuclear envelope of the nucleus is connected to which organelle?

A

the rough ER

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38
Q

Why are lysosomes important?

A

they destroy specified suubstances

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39
Q

The lysosomes are known as what?

A

the cell’s demolition crew

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40
Q

Lysosomes are like vesicles that contain what?

A

that contain digestive enzymes

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41
Q

The enzymes in the lysosomes are only active within which membrane?

A

within the acidic membrane

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42
Q

There are 2 types of lysosomes, name them and specify their function

A

Phagocytosis -> digests material OUTSIDE of cell
Autophagy-> digests organelles from INSIDE of cell

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43
Q

Which organelle detoxifies alcohol and other harmful compounds?

A

Peroxisomes

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44
Q

Main function of mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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44
Q

Which organelle turns hydrogen peroxide into water? H2O2 –> H2O

A

Peroxisomes

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45
Q

What do the mitochondria convert?

A

they convert food energy into energy cell use

46
Q

The mitochondria convert glucose into what?

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

47
Q

How many layers do mitochondria have?

A

2 membranes composed of 2 phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

Which organelle is thought to derive from bacteria-like endosymbionts?

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

What is located within the nucleus?

A

the nucleolus

50
Q

What is the mian function of a nucleolus?

A

production and assembly of ribosomes

51
Q

Does the nucleolus have a membrane sperate from the rest of the nucleus?

A

NO, no membrane seperates the nucleolus

52
Q

Main function of a ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

53
Q

Where can you find ribosomes? (2)

A
  • free-floating in cytoplasm
  • attached to RER
53
Q

What do the ribosomes attached to the RER do?

A

they make proteins that can be stored and released when needed

54
Q

3 smaller organelles are part of the cytoskeleton, name them

A

microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

55
Q

Main function of cytoskeleton

A

form and internal framework to support and give shape to cells

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Cytoskeleton can extend and/or contract (allows cells to change shape)

A

TRUE
very dynamic (can quickly be dismantled on one part of the cell)

57
Q

Name the organelle: part of the cytoskeleton, thickest and hollow

A

Microtubules

58
Q

2 main functions of microtubules

A
  • support cell (rigidity)
  • transport
59
Q

What do microtubules act as?

A

railroad tracks (involved in the movement of organelles in cell (vesicle transport))

60
Q

Is the centrosome a membranous organelle?

A

no, it’s a non-membranous organelle

61
Q

Centrosomes are made up of a pair of what?

A

pair of centrioles (at right angles to each other)

62
Q

Which organelle that is part of the cytoskeleton moves chromosomes during cell division?

A

Centrosomes

63
Q

Which organelle is a microtubule-organizing center?

A

centrosomes/centrioles

64
Q

What are the organelles used for movement in the cell? (2)

A

Flagella and cilia

65
Q

Relate each term with the correct organelle (Flagella vs Cilia):

long, short
numerous, few

A

Flagella -> long and few
Cilia -> short and numerous

66
Q

Intermediate Filaments have which function in the cell?

A

maintenance of cell shape

67
Q

Do Intermediate Filaments bin ATP and serve as tracks for transport?

A

NO

68
Q

Microfilaments are strings of what? (2 chains)

A

actin

69
Q

Where do you find actin?

A

in muscles

70
Q

Microfilaments 2 main functions

A
  • maintenance of cell shape
  • movement of cell (contraction..)
71
Q

What do we call the outer jelly-like matrix?

A

Extracellular matrix

72
Q

4 main functions of the extracellular matrix

A
  • holds cells together
  • help regulate cell behavior
  • cell signaling
  • cell receptors
73
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A

carbohydrates and fibrous proteins

74
Q

Other eukaryotic cells (protists) have this other organelle, name it

A

the contractile vacuole

75
Q

Choose the correct term ( function of Contractile Vacuole)
it exports excess water collected from (inside or outside) the cell

A

it exports excess water collected from INSIDE the cell

76
Q

Why does the contractile vacuole export excess water?

A

to maintain cytoplasmic concentration of chemicals

77
Q

Other Eukaryotic cells (plant cells)
they have 3 things animal cells don’t have, name them:

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • central vacuole
78
Q

What does the plant cell lack that animal cells have?

A

centrioles

79
Q

Cell wall in plant cells are made of what?

A

cellulose

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Cellulose in plant cell wall provides support in the cell and ultimately the plant

A

TRUE

81
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Cellulose is soft and squishy

A

FALSE:
Cellulose is hard and rigid

82
Q

2 main function of the cell wall

A
  • rigidity
  • helps prevent water loss
83
Q

How do we call the pores in the cell wall?

A

Plasmodesmata

84
Q

Through the pores of the cell wall (plasmodesmata), what does it connect?

A

the cytoplasm of 2 cells

85
Q

What do the pores permit?

A

they permit the movement of fluids between cells (water and small solutes can pass freely from cell to cell)

86
Q

Organelle in plant cells that take up 90% of plant cell volume:

A

Central vacuole

87
Q

The main function of the central vacuole in plant cells (other than supports cells and ultimately the plant) (3)

A
  • storing various compounds (to help defend the plant against herbivores)
  • disposing of metabolic wastes
88
Q

the central vacuole helps maintain what?

A

turgor

89
Q

What is turgor in plant cells?

A

Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall

90
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

a membrane

91
Q

Main function of chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

92
Q

Where do we find chloroplasts?

A

in green parts of the plant

93
Q

We compare chloroplast to which other organelle?

A

the mitochondria

94
Q

What are the 2 main similarities b/w the mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

both convert energy AND both have DNA and ribosomes

95
Q

Energy-converting organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) name the conversion of energy

A

MITO: food –> ATP
CHLORO: solar energy –> FOOD (chemical energy through photosynthesis)

96
Q

To make ATP, the mitochondria require what?

A

O2

97
Q

To create glucose, chloroplasts use what?

A

CO2 and solar energy

98
Q

Are mitochondria and chloroplasts double membrane organelles?

A

YES

99
Q

What does it mean that the mitochondria and chloroplasts each have their own DNA and proteins?

A

it means they can make their own ribosomes and they can SELF-REPLICATE

100
Q

What provides the cell’s special characteristics?

A

the specific components of a given cell

101
Q

What could be an example of specific components for differential gene expression?

A

2 cells can obtain different SUBSETS of gene products (proteins)

102
Q

Do all cells have the same genes? what are the exceptions?

A

TRUE, but each cell only expresses the genes that it requires (won’t express other tissue-specific genes)

103
Q

Write the correct percentage:
A typical human cell probably expresses about __% of its genes at any given time

A

20%

104
Q

TRUE or FALSE: they contain the EXACT same genes
but only neurons can express the nerve genes
only epithelial cells can express epithelial genes

A

TRUE TRUE TRUE

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Viruses are host-specific

A

TRUE
b/c they have specific receptors where they bind (for ex. HIV -/ immune cells)

106
Q

What does a virus do once inside the cell

A

the viral nucleic acids can take over the cell and direct it to make more viruses

107
Q

Once a virus binds to a receptor it can do 2 things:
+ What happens in either case?

A
  • enters the cell
    OR
  • injects its nucleic acid into the cell
    => The protein coat is released and the viral nucleic acid will replicate (using the machinery of the host cell)
108
Q

Viral genes can take command of the host’s metabolic pathways and direct it to make what?

A

to make new copies of the original virus

109
Q

Once what happens that the virus is assembled and then released?

A

once the viral nucleic acid and protein coat are made

110
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The virus doesn’t kill its host cell

A

FALSE
the virus usually kills its host cell

111
Q

We use antibiotics for what?

A

for bacteria (no ribosomes or DNA to replicate)

112
Q

We use Vaccines for what?

A

viruses, bacteria, etc.

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

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