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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first main idea proposed by Darwin in “The Origin of Species”?

A

Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species that were different from modern species

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2
Q

What does evolution explain?

A

Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity

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3
Q

What does this process lead to?

A

leads to an accumulation of inherited traits that enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

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3
Q

What does natural selection allows for populations?

A

it allows populations to change over time if individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring

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3
Q

What is the second main idea proposed by Darwin in “The Origin of Species”?

A

Natural selection is the mechanism for evolutionary change, resulting in adaptive evolution.

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4
Q

What did Aristotle believe about species?

A

He viewed species as fixed and unchanging.

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5
Q

How did Aristotle categorize life?

A

He arranged life on a scale of increasing complexity

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6
Q

How did he name this scale?

A

“scala naturae”

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7
Q

What did the Old Testament of the Bible suggest about species?

A

species were designed by God

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8
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus and what did he do?

A

He was a founder of taxonomy, grouping similar species into increasingly greater categories.

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9
Q

How did Linnaeus explain similarities among species?

A

He attributed similarities to the pattern of their creation, not to evolutionary kinship.

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10
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains or traces of organisms from the past

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11
Q

Where are fossils usually found?

A

found in sedimentary rock.

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12
Q

What do we call the study of fossils?

A

Paleontology

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13
Q

How do fossils help determine the sequence of events in Earth’s history?

A

They are found in layers (strata) which shows that a succession of organisms have
populated Earth throughout time

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14
Q

What did Cuvier observe about fossils?

A

He noted that the older the strata, the more dissimilar the fossils were from modern life.

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15
Q

What theory did Cuvier propose to explain the boundaries between strata?

A

He proposed the theory of catastrophism

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16
Q

What was he speculating about (the catastrophism theory)?

A

speculating that local floods or droughts destroyed the species present instead of evolution

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17
Q

What did Lamarck believe about the evolution of organisms?

A

He believed a life force drove organisms toward greater complexity and perfection over time (so more complex & perfected)

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18
Q

Were Lamarck’s mechanisms supported by evidence?

A

nope

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19
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory about how traits are passed to offspring?

A

Traits are passed through use and disuse; parts used extensively become stronger and larger, while unused parts deteriorate.

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20
Q

Give an example of Lamarck’s idea of evolution through use and disuse (giraffe)

A

A giraffe developed a long neck because its short-necked ancestor stretched its neck to eat leaves on trees.

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21
Q

Who came before Darwin?

A

Hutton & Lyell

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22
Q

What theory did Hutton propose?

A

Gradualism

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23
Q

What is Gradualism?

A

profound change through slow, continuous processes.

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24
Q

What did Lyell perceive about changes in Earth’s surface?

A

Changes result from slow, continuous actions still operating today.

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25
Q

How did Hutton and Lyell’s ideas contrast with the biblical inference of Earth’s age?

A

They suggested Earth is older than the 6,000 years estimated by biblical inference.

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26
Q

What implication did their ideas have for the evolution of living organisms?

A

Slow and subtle processes over long periods can produce substantial changes in living organisms.

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27
Q

Darwin developed his theory based on 4 important things, name them:

A

i) Malthus’ essay: Struggle for existence
ii) Lyell’s Principles of Geology
iii) Principles of artificial selection
iv) His data (what he saw in the Galapagos)

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28
Q

i) who talked about the Struggle for Existence

A

Thomas Robert Malthus

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29
Q

What did Malthus believe about population growth?

A

Population growth is not always desirable.

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30
Q

What conflicts arise from population growth, according to Malthus?

A

The conflict between population growth and food supply generates famine, disease, and war, which break population growth.

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31
Q

ii) who talked about the Principles of Geology?

A

Lyell

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32
Q

What geologic change did Darwin experience?

A

Earthquakes that thrust rocks upward by several feet.

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33
Q

How did this geologic change influence Darwin?

A

It reinforced his acceptance of Lyell’s ideas.

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34
Q

What doubt did Lyell’s ideas and Darwin’s observations create?

A

Doubt about the traditional view of a young and static Earth.

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35
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

The process where humans modify domesticated plants and animals by selecting individuals with desired traits for breeding.

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36
Q

What conclusion did Darwin draw from artificial selection?

A

large changes in a short period, natural selection should be capable of modification over thousands of generations.

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37
Q

iv) Finish the sentence: Darwin’s Data from WHAT?

A

from Galapagos

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38
Q

What was the purpose of Darwin’s voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle?

A

A 5-year exploration of South America and the South Pacific.

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39
Q

What did Darwin observe during his voyage?

A

Various adaptations of plants and animals in diverse environments.

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40
Q

What comparison did Darwin make with animals?

A

Compare animals on islands (e.g., Galapagos) with those on the mainland.

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41
Q

What impressed Darwin about the animals he studied?

A

The similarities/differences b/w island and mainland species.

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42
Q

What fascinated Darwin about the organisms he found? (Darwinian Evolution)

A

The unusual organisms on the islands.

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43
Q

What did Darwin hypothesize about the colonization of the islands?

A

Islands were colonized by plants and animals from the mainland that diversified on different islands.

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44
Q

How are the origin of new species and adaptation related?

A

They are closely related processes.

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45
Q

What example did Darwin use to illustrate adaptation?

A

Differences in the beaks of the 13 species of finches in the Galapagos, adapted to the specific foods on their home islands.

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46
Q

When did Darwin write his essay on the origin of species and natural selection?

A

1840s

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47
Q

Why was Darwin initially reluctant to publish his essay?

A

He was hesitant despite having written it.

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47
Q

Who sent Darwin a manuscript with a similar theory in 1858?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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48
Q

What did Darwin do after receiving Wallace’s manuscript?

A

He quickly finished and published “The Origin of Species” the next year.

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49
Q

Why is the theory attributed to Darwin instead of Wallace?

A

Darwin developed his ideas earlier and supported the theory more extensively.

50
Q
A
51
Q

What is the first key concept of natural selection?

A

Species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support.

52
Q

What would happen to population sizes if not for limiting factors?

A

Population sizes would increase exponentially.

53
Q

Despite the potential for exponential growth, what is observed about population sizes?

A

Populations tend to be stable in size.

54
Q

What leads to a struggle for existence among individuals?

A

Production of more individuals than the environment can support.

55
Q

What results from the struggle for existence?

A

Competition for limited resources.

56
Q

What are some examples of limited resources? (4)

A

Food, water, light, space.

57
Q

What factors can kill individuals in a population?

A

Predators, disease, environmental conditions.

58
Q

How do members of a population differ?

A

they vary extensively in their characteristics

59
Q

Are any two individuals exactly alike?

A

no

60
Q

Are variations heritable?

A

yes

61
Q

What does survival depend on?

A

Survival depends in part on inherited traits.

62
Q

What is differential reproductive success?

A

individuals with inherited traits that give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing.

63
Q

What happens to individuals with favorable traits?

A

more likely to leave more offspring

64
Q

What does differential reproductive success lead to in a population?

A

It leads to a gradual change, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations.

65
Q

What is the scope of natural selection?

A

It occurs through interactions between individual organisms and their environment.

66
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

no

67
Q

Evolution occurs at what level?

A

at the population level

68
Q

What is the smallest group that can evolve?

A

population

69
Q

How is evolutionary change measured?

A

It is measured as changes in the relative proportions of heritable traits in a population over successive generations.

70
Q

What types of traits can natural selection act on?

A

Natural selection can act only on heritable traits, those passed from organisms to their offspring.

71
Q

How do environmental factors affect natural selection?

A

a trait that is favorable in one environment may be useless or detrimental in another environment.

72
Q

Does natural selection create perfect organisms?

A

no

73
Q

What does Natural selection allow?

A

it allows organisms to adapt to their environment (‘edits’ existing variations)

74
Q

What are the 5 evidences fro Darwin’s Theory?

A

a) Natural Selection in action
b) Homology
c) Convergent evolution
d) Biogeography
e) Fossils

75
Q

What do soapberry bugs use their “beak” for?

A

to feed on seeds within fruits

76
Q

How do soapberry bugs in South Florida differ from those in Central Florida?

A

Soapberry bugs in South Florida feed on larger fruit and have longer beaks,
Those in Central Florida feed on smaller, introduced fruit and have shorter beaks.

77
Q

How does natural selection influence beak length in soapberry bugs?

A

Beak length matches the depth at which the seeds are found in fruit, demonstrating natural selection in action.

78
Q

What was the situation regarding the peppered moth before the Industrial Revolution?

A

Before the Industrial Revolution, birds ate the black moths more easily seen against white trees

79
Q

What would this lead to for white moths?

A

leading to an increased proportion of white moths.

80
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the environment of the peppered moth?

A

The Industrial Revolution darkened the white birch trees

81
Q

Darkened the white birch trees due to what?

A

due to soot

82
Q

What happened to the proportion of moths after the environment changed?

A

White moths became more easily seen, and birds ate more of them, increasing the proportion of black moths

83
Q

What are examples of drug-resistant pathogens?

A

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and drug-resistant HIV.

84
Q

How does the selection for drug-resistant pathogens contribute to adaptive evolution?

A

it favors the survival/reproduction of organisms with traits that make them resistant to drugs.

85
Q

How do researchers’ efforts to combat HIV contribute to the selection for drug-resistant viruses?

A

The use of medications selects for viruses that are resistant to the drugs

86
Q

What does the use of medications lead to?

A

it leads to the development of drug-resistant strains.

87
Q

b) What is homology?

A

Homology is the similarity resulting from common ancestry.

88
Q

How are homologous structures defined?

A

Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a recent common ancestor but diverged to have different functions.
(similar structures with diff functions)

89
Q

Provide an example of homologous structures.

A

Human arm, cat forelimb, whale front flipper, and bat wing are examples of homologous structures

90
Q

How come they have homologous structures?

A

b/c they exhibit similar arrangements of bones, muscles, and nerves

91
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

useless organs or structures

92
Q

What are they considered to be?

A

considered “leftovers from ancestors”

93
Q

What do vestigial organs indicate about an organism’s evolutionary history?

A

indicates that the organism evolved from ancestors in which the organ was functional.

94
Q

Provide an example of a vestigial organ and its significance.

A

Vestigial hind limb bones in large snakes and whales

95
Q

What do these bones indicate?

A

indicate that they both evolved from tetrapod ancestors.

96
Q

Why do vestigial organs tend to persist in organisms?

A

b/c there is no selective pressure to eliminate them.

97
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

gill slits

98
Q

Where are pharyngeal pouches found?

A

n the throat of vertebrate embryos during some stage of their development

99
Q

How do embryonic structures like pharyngeal pouches demonstrate homology?

A

Although they develop into different adult structures, such as fish gills and parts of the human ear, they are still homologous, showing divergent evolution.

100
Q

What is remarkable about the embryonic development of all vertebrates?

A

Despite differences in adult forms, embryonic development shows remarkable similarities among all vertebrates.

101
Q

What is the universal genetic code?

A

sequence of nucleotides in DNA and amino acids in proteins across different organisms

102
Q

How does the genetic code work?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA, called a triplet, codes for a specific codon in mRNA, which in turn codes for a particular amino acid.

103
Q

What does the example AAA (DNA) → UUU (mRNA) represent?

A

coding for the amino acid phenylalanine (for shrimp, bacteria, humans, and tulips)

104
Q

What does the universal genetic code suggest about organisms?

A

common ancestry among organisms

105
Q

What do the numbers represent in the context of proteins?

A

The numbers represent the number
of amino acid differences between
the beta polypeptide chain of
human hemoglobin and the beta
hemoglobins of the other species.

106
Q

How many amino acids does the human polypeptide chain contain, and how does it compare to most other species?

A

The human polypeptide chain contains 146 amino acids

107
Q

How is the number of amino acid differences related to the closeness of kinship?

A

the number of amino acid differences is inversely proportional to the closeness of kinship

108
Q

c) Convergent Evoultion
When you think of convergent evolution, what should you associate it with?

A

Analogous

109
Q

What are analogous features?

A

similar but NOT derived from a common ancestor

110
Q

What do analogous features demonstrate about organisms?

A

organisms with separate ancestors may adapt in similar ways to similar environments.

111
Q

What does independent evolution of similar structures in distant related organisms suggest?

A

It suggests that similar environments can lead to the evolution of similar structures, even in organisms with different ancestors.

112
Q

d) Biogeography
What does the tendency for species to be more closely related to other species from the same area suggest?

A

It suggests that a common ancestor adapted to various habitats.

113
Q

What is Pangea?

A

Pangea was a supercontinent where continents were once joined together.

114
Q

What happened over time?

A

Over time, each continental plate moved due to plate tectonics.

115
Q

How did the movement of continental plates affect populations?

A

becoming isolated in different environments, leading to their evolution in different ways

116
Q

What is an example of the impact of isolation on evolution?

A

Australia’s marsupials are a diverse group of animals that developed in isolation on a separate landmass for millions of years.

117
Q

e) Fossil Record
How is the succession of forms observed in the fossil record consistent with other inferences about the major branches of descent in the tree of life?

A

It suggests that prokaryotes are the ancestors of all life and should precede all eukaryotes in the fossil record.

118
Q

What is one example of evidence supporting this inference?

A

The oldest known fossils are prokaryotes

119
Q

What is the oldest known fossils are prokaryotes?

A

stromatolites

120
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

layered structures formed by the growth of prokaryotes in shallow water environments (providing evidence of ancient life forms)

121
Q

How is a theory defined in science?

A

many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena.

122
Q

What supports Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

A

Massive amounts of data support Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

123
Q

Can the effects of natural selection be observed and tested?

A

YES

124
Q

What is Neo-Darwinism?

A

modern version of Darwinian evolutionary theory

125
Q

What does Neo-Darwinism incorporate?

A

Mendelian genetics

126
Q

What does Neo-Darwinism postulate about natural selection?

A

Neo-Darwinism postulates that natural selection acts on the heritable (genetic) variations within individuals in populations

Mutations are the main source of these genetic variations

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