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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name all 7 Properties of Life (Concept 1)

A

1) Cells and biomolecules
2) Energy use and metabolism
3) Response to environmental changes
4) Regulation and homeostasis
5) Growth and development
6) Reproduction
7) Biological Evolution

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2
Q

Concept 2: The cell’s blueprint
All cells contains what?

A

DNA

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

Why is DNA important? (2)

A
  • because it carries hereditary information
  • it’s necessary for the production of proteins, the rugulation, the metabolism and the reproduction of the cell
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5
Q

DNA consists of what?

A

4 nucleotides

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6
Q

Name all 4 nucleotides

A

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine

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7
Q

DNA are made up of genes… What are genes?

A

Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

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8
Q

What is the process of offspring with traits inherited from both parents?

A

1) Sperm and egg cell (both nuclei containing DNA)
2) Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents
3) Embryo’s cell with copies of inherited DNA

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9
Q

Concept 3: Hierarchy of Biological Organization
what does this consist of?

A

Living things can be studied at several different levels

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10
Q

Name the hierarchy (from smallest to biggest)

A

molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere

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11
Q

What is the smallest living thing in the hierarchy

A

Molecules

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12
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A chemical structure made up of 2 or more atoms

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13
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter that has properties of a chemical element?

A

Atoms

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14
Q

Therefore, we can say that molecules and chemicals are what?

A

the building blocks of organelles

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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

different structures within cells with specialized functions (nucleus controls the center of the cell and contains DNA; Mithocondrion produced energy for the cell)

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16
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

Cells

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17
Q

What are cells made up of?

A

many different molecules and organelles

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18
Q

All cells have 4 things in common, name them

A

1) surrounded by a membrane
2) contain genetic info (DNA)
3) internal mass (cytoplasm)
4) have ribosomes (protein synthesis)

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19
Q

What are 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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20
Q

Which one has the DNA in a membrane bound nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

A

Plants, animals…

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22
Q

What the difference with Prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is not spearate from the cytoplasm in a nucleus

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23
Q

What’s the next category?

A

Tissues

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24
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of a particular type of cell performing a specific function

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25
Q

Give a few examples of tissues

A

muscle, bone, skin, blood…

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26
Q

Groups of tissues performing a specific function are called:

A

Organs

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27
Q

Give a few examples of organs

A

stomach, brain, lungs, heart…

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28
Q

Group of organs performing a specific function is called:

A

Organ systems

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29
Q

Give a few examples of organ systems

A

digestive system, nervous sytem, circulatory system…

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30
Q

What is the next cartegory in the hierarchy?

A

Organisms

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31
Q

What are organisms?

A

an ndependent living unit (an individual)

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32
Q

It varies in what and what?

A

it varies in size and complexity

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33
Q

understand the comparaison from a single cell (bacteria) and what?

A

trillions of cells, organized into tissues, organs and organ systems

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34
Q

What is the 8th category? (ecological organization)

A

Populations

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35
Q

Define population

A

group of the SAME KIND of organism, living in one place

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36
Q

What’s the 9th category?

A

Communities

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37
Q

What are communities?

A

groups of DIFFERENT KINDS of organisms living together and interacting (dependent upon each other)

38
Q

What’s the 10th category?

A

Ecosystems

39
Q

What do ecosystems include? (2)

A
  • the community of organisms present in a particular area
  • their interactions with their physical surroundings
40
Q

What do we call all of Earth’s ecosystems?

A

Biosphere

41
Q

What do biospheres include?

A

all parts of the earth inhabited with living organisms

42
Q

Name everything that is included in the hierarchy of biological organization

A

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelle
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

43
Q

What’s part of the ecological organization?

A

Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

44
Q

The 4th concept: Evolution accounts for what?

A

for life’s diversity and unity

45
Q

Name the famous person who focused his work on involving evolution

A

Charles Darwin

46
Q

What does Darwin say?

A

that the envrionment selects the best adapted organisms for survival

47
Q

Give a quick example of this

A

natural selection acts on variable traits within a population

48
Q

Complete the sentence: especially at the lower levels of organization there is also unity with ___

A

with diversity

49
Q

What is something that unites prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

the universal genetic language of DNA

50
Q

What do eukaryotes have in common?

A

unity is evident in many details of cell stucture

51
Q

Darwin showed that specied demonstrate what from common ancestors?

A

demonstrate descent with modification

52
Q

what does this mean?

A

that all species descended from an ancestor, with each generation having the possibility to be modified (i.e. change in the genetic make-up of a population)

53
Q

The second thing Darwin showed is natural selection. What does this mean?

A

natural selection = mechanism behin “descent with modification”

54
Q

Give an example of natural selection

A

1) Population with varied inherited traits (color/camouflage)
2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits (very colorful and vibrant)
3) Reproduction of survivors ( gene passes on)
4) Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success

55
Q

Why do we say that the population evolves over time? (environment selects)

A

because traits can change over time (therefore adaptive traits increase)

56
Q

Once again, whar are the main steps of natural selection:

A

1) Organisms in a population are not exactly alike (varying traits)
2) Organisms, reproduce and must compete for resources to survive
3) Individuals better adapted to obtain resources are more likely to survive and reproduce
4) Survivors that reproduce pass on their traits (genes that are adaptive)

57
Q

Having a better understanding of an organism’s evolutionary history allows us to better understand its current what: (4)

A
  • biomlecules
  • cellular activites
  • structures
  • behaviours
58
Q

5th concept: Classification

A

one job of Biologist is to classify living things

59
Q

What is the word that define the science of naming and classifying organisms?

A

taxonomy

60
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

61
Q

What’s the main difference b/w these cells?

A

Pro - DNA is NOT spearate from the cytoplasm in a nucleus
Eu - DNA in a membrane bound nucleus

62
Q

Prokaryotic cells are classified into 2 domains and 2 kingdoms, name them

A

Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria

Domain Archae
Kingdom Archaebateria

63
Q

Eukaryotic cells are classified into 1 domain, name it

A

Domain Eukarya

64
Q

Name all 4 Kingdoms

A

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

65
Q

Name all 9 words that are part of the Hierarchy of taxonomic classification (with the correct order)

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies

66
Q

What is a good sentence to remeber all of them

A

Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand (+S)

67
Q

The binomial system was developed by who?

A

by Linnaeus in 1700’s

68
Q

True or False:
Each kind of organism has unique Latin names

A

TRUE

69
Q

Tell me how to name something

A

GENUS (always capitalize the first letter) and SPECIES (always small first letter)

70
Q

The 6th concept is Ecosystem Dynamics
What do you think this mean?

A

Organisms interact with other organisms + nonliving factors

71
Q

Complete de sentence:
In most ecosystems, nutrients are _______

A

nutrients are recycled

72
Q

What does this mean?

A

nutrients pass through both biotic and abiotic forms

73
Q

Complete de sentence:
_______ enters as light flows through living organisms

A

Energy enters

74
Q

How is it ultimately lost?

A

lost as heat

75
Q

How many types of organisms exist?

A

3 types

76
Q

Name all 3 types of organisms

A
  • Producers
  • Consumers
  • Decomposers
77
Q

Are producers needed for life to exist?

A

YES

78
Q

What are producers?

A

they are photosynthetic organisms

79
Q

Give an example of a producer

A

plants

80
Q

They convert (not produce) light energy to what?

A

to chemical energy from simple raw materials

81
Q

What do you call a self feeding organisms?

A

an autotroph

82
Q

Give an example of an autotroph

A

plants, algae (use sunlight as energy form (photosynthesis))

83
Q

What is the name of the type of organism who feed on producers?

A

Consumers

84
Q

True or False:
Consumers feed on other consumers

A

TRUE

85
Q

True or False: Consummers can produce their own energy

A

FALSE
(they can’t)

86
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

They obeain energy by breaking down food orignially produced by producers

87
Q

Give an example of heterotrophs

A

aniamals (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)

88
Q

What is the last organism?

A

Decomposers

89
Q

Decomposers are heterotrophs that obtain energy by doing what?

A

by breaking down dead organic matter

90
Q

Why are decomposers important?

A

Because they recycle nutrients (bacteria and fungi)

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

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