Lecture 2 Flashcards
Name all 7 Properties of Life (Concept 1)
1) Cells and biomolecules
2) Energy use and metabolism
3) Response to environmental changes
4) Regulation and homeostasis
5) Growth and development
6) Reproduction
7) Biological Evolution
Concept 2: The cell’s blueprint
All cells contains what?
DNA
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Why is DNA important? (2)
- because it carries hereditary information
- it’s necessary for the production of proteins, the rugulation, the metabolism and the reproduction of the cell
DNA consists of what?
4 nucleotides
Name all 4 nucleotides
A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
DNA are made up of genes… What are genes?
Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
What is the process of offspring with traits inherited from both parents?
1) Sperm and egg cell (both nuclei containing DNA)
2) Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents
3) Embryo’s cell with copies of inherited DNA
Concept 3: Hierarchy of Biological Organization
what does this consist of?
Living things can be studied at several different levels
Name the hierarchy (from smallest to biggest)
molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
What is the smallest living thing in the hierarchy
Molecules
What is a molecule?
A chemical structure made up of 2 or more atoms
What is the smallest unit of matter that has properties of a chemical element?
Atoms
Therefore, we can say that molecules and chemicals are what?
the building blocks of organelles
What are organelles?
different structures within cells with specialized functions (nucleus controls the center of the cell and contains DNA; Mithocondrion produced energy for the cell)
What is the smallest unit of life?
Cells
What are cells made up of?
many different molecules and organelles
All cells have 4 things in common, name them
1) surrounded by a membrane
2) contain genetic info (DNA)
3) internal mass (cytoplasm)
4) have ribosomes (protein synthesis)
What are 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Which one has the DNA in a membrane bound nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
Give an example of a eukaryotic cell
Plants, animals…
What the difference with Prokaryotic cells?
DNA is not spearate from the cytoplasm in a nucleus
What’s the next category?
Tissues
What are tissues?
Groups of a particular type of cell performing a specific function
Give a few examples of tissues
muscle, bone, skin, blood…
Groups of tissues performing a specific function are called:
Organs
Give a few examples of organs
stomach, brain, lungs, heart…
Group of organs performing a specific function is called:
Organ systems
Give a few examples of organ systems
digestive system, nervous sytem, circulatory system…
What is the next cartegory in the hierarchy?
Organisms
What are organisms?
an ndependent living unit (an individual)
It varies in what and what?
it varies in size and complexity
understand the comparaison from a single cell (bacteria) and what?
trillions of cells, organized into tissues, organs and organ systems
What is the 8th category? (ecological organization)
Populations
Define population
group of the SAME KIND of organism, living in one place
What’s the 9th category?
Communities
What are communities?
groups of DIFFERENT KINDS of organisms living together and interacting (dependent upon each other)
What’s the 10th category?
Ecosystems
What do ecosystems include? (2)
- the community of organisms present in a particular area
- their interactions with their physical surroundings
What do we call all of Earth’s ecosystems?
Biosphere
What do biospheres include?
all parts of the earth inhabited with living organisms
Name everything that is included in the hierarchy of biological organization
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelle
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
What’s part of the ecological organization?
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
The 4th concept: Evolution accounts for what?
for life’s diversity and unity
Name the famous person who focused his work on involving evolution
Charles Darwin
What does Darwin say?
that the envrionment selects the best adapted organisms for survival
Give a quick example of this
natural selection acts on variable traits within a population
Complete the sentence: especially at the lower levels of organization there is also unity with ___
with diversity
What is something that unites prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
the universal genetic language of DNA
What do eukaryotes have in common?
unity is evident in many details of cell stucture
Darwin showed that specied demonstrate what from common ancestors?
demonstrate descent with modification
what does this mean?
that all species descended from an ancestor, with each generation having the possibility to be modified (i.e. change in the genetic make-up of a population)
The second thing Darwin showed is natural selection. What does this mean?
natural selection = mechanism behin “descent with modification”
Give an example of natural selection
1) Population with varied inherited traits (color/camouflage)
2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits (very colorful and vibrant)
3) Reproduction of survivors ( gene passes on)
4) Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success
Why do we say that the population evolves over time? (environment selects)
because traits can change over time (therefore adaptive traits increase)
Once again, whar are the main steps of natural selection:
1) Organisms in a population are not exactly alike (varying traits)
2) Organisms, reproduce and must compete for resources to survive
3) Individuals better adapted to obtain resources are more likely to survive and reproduce
4) Survivors that reproduce pass on their traits (genes that are adaptive)
Having a better understanding of an organism’s evolutionary history allows us to better understand its current what: (4)
- biomlecules
- cellular activites
- structures
- behaviours
5th concept: Classification
one job of Biologist is to classify living things
What is the word that define the science of naming and classifying organisms?
taxonomy
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
What’s the main difference b/w these cells?
Pro - DNA is NOT spearate from the cytoplasm in a nucleus
Eu - DNA in a membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotic cells are classified into 2 domains and 2 kingdoms, name them
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archae
Kingdom Archaebateria
Eukaryotic cells are classified into 1 domain, name it
Domain Eukarya
Name all 4 Kingdoms
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Name all 9 words that are part of the Hierarchy of taxonomic classification (with the correct order)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
What is a good sentence to remeber all of them
Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand (+S)
The binomial system was developed by who?
by Linnaeus in 1700’s
True or False:
Each kind of organism has unique Latin names
TRUE
Tell me how to name something
GENUS (always capitalize the first letter) and SPECIES (always small first letter)
The 6th concept is Ecosystem Dynamics
What do you think this mean?
Organisms interact with other organisms + nonliving factors
Complete de sentence:
In most ecosystems, nutrients are _______
nutrients are recycled
What does this mean?
nutrients pass through both biotic and abiotic forms
Complete de sentence:
_______ enters as light flows through living organisms
Energy enters
How is it ultimately lost?
lost as heat
How many types of organisms exist?
3 types
Name all 3 types of organisms
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers
Are producers needed for life to exist?
YES
What are producers?
they are photosynthetic organisms
Give an example of a producer
plants
They convert (not produce) light energy to what?
to chemical energy from simple raw materials
What do you call a self feeding organisms?
an autotroph
Give an example of an autotroph
plants, algae (use sunlight as energy form (photosynthesis))
What is the name of the type of organism who feed on producers?
Consumers
True or False:
Consumers feed on other consumers
TRUE
True or False: Consummers can produce their own energy
FALSE
(they can’t)
What are heterotrophs?
They obeain energy by breaking down food orignially produced by producers
Give an example of heterotrophs
aniamals (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
What is the last organism?
Decomposers
Decomposers are heterotrophs that obtain energy by doing what?
by breaking down dead organic matter
Why are decomposers important?
Because they recycle nutrients (bacteria and fungi)
