Lecture 4 Flashcards
All living things contain what? (4)
nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
Why is carbon so special? (2)
- it can bound up with 4 separate atoms
- it can bond with another C atoms
Is CO2 organic?
NO, it’s not organic b/c there’s only one C
Name 3 different arrangements of carbon skeleton:
- straight
- branched
- rings (long or short) bonds
What are functional groups?
molecular commponents attached to that carbon skeleton
Name all 7 functional groups you need to know and recognize
- Adelhyde
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Phosphate
- Hydroxyl
- Sulfhydryl
- Amino
You also have to know what 2 other functional groups
Estradiol and Testosterone
Biological molecules are composed of WHAT that are linked to each other
composed of subunits
How do you call a single unit?
a monomer (comme une perle)
How do you call a chain/ring of monomers?
a polymer (like a pearl necklace)
How do we build chains (polymers)? (2)
Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation reaction
What is this Dehydration Synthesis?
Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
= a bond forms and WATER is released
How do you breakdown a chain (polymer)?
with hydrolysis
What is hydrolysis?
it adds a water molecule, breaking a bond
= water is added and a bond is broken
Name all 4 main classes of biological molecules
- lipids
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- Nucleix acid
Name a carbohydrate
sugar
could sugar be complex or simple
BOTH
What is the process of cellular respiration?
carbohydrates broken down for energy
How are they stored?
stored as long chains
Stored for long-term or short-term reserves?
short-term reserves
If there is too much of glycogen, what will happen?
the liver will store it
What are the 2 main functions of carbohydrates?
- they serve as a source of energy (sugars)
- they provide structure and support (cellulose)
In what ratio are C, H, O?
CH2O -> 1:2:1
Are monomers complex or simple sugars?
simple sugars (polymers are complex sugars)
What are the 2 types of simple sugars?
- monosaccharides
- dissacharides
What are monosaccarides?
monomers of carbohydrates
They share the same molecular formula, which one?
C6H12O6
Name 3 examples of monosaccharides
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
What are disaccharides?
2 linked monosaccharides
Give 3 examples of disaccharides
- sucrose (glu. + fructose) (table sugar)
- lactose (glu. glactose) (milk sugar)
- maltose (glu. + glucose) (brewing sugar)
What are complex sugars named?
polysaccharides
What are polysaccharides?
polymers of monosaccharides
Name 2 storage carbohydrates
- Starch
- Glycogen
Starch is stored by what?
Energy storage in plants (where they convert excess glucose as starch)
Glycogen is stored by what?
animals stored excess glucose as glycogen
Name 2 structural carbohydrates
Cellulose and Chitin
Where can you find cellulose?
support in plants (wood) and fiber
Where can you find chitin?
in fungal cell walls and external skeleton of insects and other anthropods
TRUE OR FALSE:
Herbivores eat plants and produce enzymes
FALSE
they eat plants and DO NOT produce enzymes to breakdown cellulose
What is in their digestive system?
a house bacteria
Why does this bacteria have enzymes?
to breakdown cellulose
What is the second main class of biological molecules?
lipids
Do lipids have water?
little or no affinity for water
What are the 3 major types of lipids?
- neutral fats
- phospholipids
- steroids
TRUE OR FALSE
Different structures and functions but they are hydrophobic
TRUE
what does hydrophobic mean?
water-fearing
Long term or short term?
long-term reserves of fat tissue
protections for vital organs from shock
TRUE
buoyancy
TRUE (tendency of an object to float or to rise in a fluid when submerged)
Does not maintain body temperature
FALSE it does
Fat is constructed from what?
from 2 kinds of smaller molecules
Define what these 2 kinds of smaller molecules are
- 1 molecule of glycerol
- 1 to 3 molecules of fatty acids
There is a term that defines 3 fatty acids
triglyceride
What is the second type of lipid?
A phospholipid
are they a major constituent of cell membranes?
YES
What is the structure of a phospholipid: (4é)
- molecules similar to neutral fats
- 2 molecules of fatty acids
- 1 glycerol molecule
- 1 phosphate molecule
Phospholipids are an ________ molecule
amphipathic
What does amphipathic mean?
it has hydrophobic and hydrophylic parts
Which part is hydrophobic and which part is hydrophilic?
The HEAD is hydrophylic (attracted to water)
TAIL is hydrophobic (repelled from water)
When placed in water, they self-assemble into what?
a bi-layer (double-layer)
Is the head of the tail on the outside?
the hydrophilic head is outside
https://d20khd7ddkh5ls.cloudfront.net/lipids_phospholipids.jpg
What is the third type of lipid?
steroids
there are 3 main functions, name them
- constituent of cell membrane (cholesterol)
- components of vitamins (ex. vit. D)
- components of hormones (ex. testosterone, estrogens, progesterone…)
Steroids are made from what?
sterol
What are sterols?
multiple rings of carbon atoms
NEED TO RECOGNIZE A STEROL RING STRUCTURE AND A CHOLESTROL
What are proteins known for?
proteins are the workhorses in the cell
name all 4 main functions of a protein:
transport proteins
enzymes
protein hormones
Proteins are made of what?
amino acids (monomers)
All amino acids have the same basic skeleton, tell me important info
- 20 commons a.a. used to build proteins
- POLYPEPTIDES (polymer of a.a.)
- PROTEIN (1 or more functional polypeptides)
What do amino acids contain? (5)
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- some of them also contain sulfur
What is the basic strucutre of an amino acid?
- 2 functional groups (amino group and carboxyl group)
- 1 variable group (R)
Name all 9 examples of a.a.
- Glycine (Gly)
- Alanine (Ala)
- Valine (Val)
- Leucine (Leu)
- Isoleucine (Ile)
- Methionine (Met)
- Phenylalanine (Phe)
- Tryptophan (Trp)
- Proline (Pro)
What is a polypeptide?
a chain of amino acids
Name the process of water removal
Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
Going from a carboxyl group + amino group to a peptide bond
is that dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?
Removal of h20 (water) so dehydration synthesis
how levels are there to build a protein? name them
4 levels of stuctures
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Why is the primary level so important?
b/c if the sequence and order of the a.a. is wrong, everything is wrong (which can lead to disease and abnormalities)
Continue the sentence:
new form,
new function (form determines function)
What can alter the protein’s conformation and ability to function?
every small change in the primary structure
the order of the a.a. are determined by what?
by the nucleotide (genetically determined)
Give an example of abnormality
a substitution of a single “wrong” a.a. in the primary structure can cause a disease sickle cell anemia
where blood cells don’t have the same shape (carries less oxygen = bad)
What happens in the secondary structure?
coiling and folding of a sequence of amino acids
Which 2 differents types of forms can they be coiled/folded
coiling –> alpha helix
folding –> beta pleated sheet
The secondary structure of a protein is maintained by what type of bond?
Hydrogen bonds
which type of form (alpha or beta) is common in fibrous protein?
beta pleated sheet (beta-keratin)
are hydrogen bonds strong?
together, HB are strong
but weak individually
Pleated sheets make up the core of what?
core of globular proteins
Is tertiary related with a single or many polypeptides?
a SINGLE polypeptide
Name 4 different kinds of bonds b/w a.a can occur within one protein
HB, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrophobic interaction
What is quaternary structure?
the fusion of 2 or more polypeptides (bond together) into one functional macromolecule
Name 2 proteins and their structure
Hemoglobin –> 4 polypeptide subunits
Collagen –> 3 helical polypeptides
What does Monomeric mean?
proteins made of a single polypeptide chain
What does oligomeric mean?
2 or more polypeptide chains
What do we call when the protein uncoils into a random shape
protein denaturation
so what does protein denaturation mean?
- disruption in 2 and 3 structures
- temporary or permanent
= break down of proteins
True or false:
Denaturation reactions are strong enough to break a peptide bonds
FALSE
What can break a peptide bond
high temperature
Name a very important protein
a RIBOSOME
in which structure are ribosomes displayed?
quaternary structure
What does it use to make other proteins?
RNA
Where are ribosomes made?
in the nucleolus
HB a occur in which structures?
2 and 3 structures
what can disrupt these bonds?
alcohol
