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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

Fungi

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are Fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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2
Q

Do fungi have cell walls?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Their cell walls are made out of what?

A

contains chitin

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4
Q

What might we call an organism that acquires nutrients by absorption

A

a heterotrophic organims

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5
Q

What do fungi secret?

A

exoenzymes

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6
Q

What are the main functions of exoenzymes?

A

breakdown large molecules into smaller more soluble forms that then get absorbed

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7
Q

Where are they released into?

A

into the environment

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8
Q

What does it mean to have an alternation of generations?

A

two separate, free-living organisms in the same generation

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9
Q

What are the name of these 2 free-living organism?

A

gametophyte & sporophyte

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10
Q

Out of gametophyte & sporophyte, which one is haploid or diploid

A

gametophyte -> haploid
sporophyte -> diploid

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11
Q

Are they unicellular?

A

Could be uni or even complex multicellular structures

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12
Q

Name a unicellular organisms & name a complex multicellular structure

A

uni: yeasts
multi: mushroom

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13
Q

What is the name of the tiny filaments that make up the bodies of fungi?

A

hyphae

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14
Q

What are hyphae used for?

A

greater surface area for absorption

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15
Q

What is a filamentous body usually hidden (below ground) called?

A

Mycelium

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16
Q

How do they disperse? (production of what?)

A

by producing spores (carried by wind, water)

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17
Q

Name a fungus which is among the largest and oldest living organisms in 1992:

A

The fungus Armillaria bulbosa

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18
Q

In 2000, tell me a couple info about the world’s s biggest fungus, discovered in Oregon’s Blue Mountains:

A
  • more than 2400 years old
  • covers area of 9.65 km^2
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19
Q

How do fungi reproduce? (sexually? asexually?)

A

BOTH

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20
Q

When producing asexually, mushrooms (fruiting bodies) release what?

A

spores (*sporulation)

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21
Q

How are spores dispersed?

A

by wind

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22
Q

when they land in a suitable environment what do they produce?

A

mycelium (underground)

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23
Q

When reproducing sexually, the life cycle involves the fusion of what?

A

fusion of hyphae from two individuals

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24
Q

What do we call the fusion of hyphae from two individuals?

A

plasmogamy

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25
Q

So what is more specifically plasmogamy?

A

forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals

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26
Q

eventually, the 2 nuclei will fuse to form what?

A

a diploid zygote

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27
Q

Through what process can it then produce four haploid cells?

A

meiosis

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28
Q

Some have alternation of generations, what does this mean?

A

independent haploid life stage alternating with diploid stage
(Like some plants and protists)

29
Q

What is the Primary role of fungi in ecosystems?

A

Decomposers

30
Q

Many species are involved in many things:

A
  • break down wood & leaves
  • some nutrients absorbed & used
  • rest returns to soil recycled by plants
31
Q

They can break down most of what?

A

organic compounds

32
Q

Can fungi be pathogens?

A

Yes, Some cause disease in plants reduce yield or kill plants

33
Q

Give a few examples of fungi that are pathogens for plants:

A

fruit - especially berries + vegetables: potatoes, root crops, corn, grain

34
Q

Can fungi be pathogens for animals?

A

yes, some cause disease in animals including humans

35
Q

Give a few examples of fungi that are pathogens for animals:

A

Athlete’s foot, Jock itch, Yeast infections, Nail infections and respiratory diseases (ex.mold problems in hospitals, schools)
+ Aspergillus (lungs)

36
Q

Fungi in building, toxigenetic fungi produce what?

A

mycotoxins

37
Q

Do mycotoxins invade tissues?

A

no

38
Q

What carry the toxins? (vehicles for their inhalation)

A

spores + mycelial

39
Q

Can fungi be a mutualistic symbionts?

A

yes, some form mutualisms

40
Q

Name one important mutualism

A

lichen

41
Q

What is the association of lichen?

A

association between a fungus and a green algae
(or cyanobacteria)

42
Q

How are they considered a mutualistic symbionts?

A

algae provides food (organic carbon)
+ fungus provides with a suitable physical environment for growth

43
Q

Why do we say they are Important pioneers?

A

because they can break down rock into soil

44
Q

Their main food source is for whom?

A

for mainly caribou and reindeer

45
Q

What is another mutualism?

A

mycorrhizae

46
Q

What are the 2 associations for mycorrhizae?

A

Association between a fungus and a plant

47
Q

Where do you find mycorrhizae?

A

found on roots of over 90% of all vascular plants

48
Q

What makes them Mutualistic Symbionts?

A

Fungus acquires carbon from plant
+
plant gets nutrients, water, minerals,
pathogen resistance increased
resistance to toxic elements in the
soi

49
Q

How does Mycorrhizal fungi
extend the volume of soil?

A

by the root system (fungus = yellow hyphae)

50
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi produce enzymes, what are their main function?

A

solubilize nutrients (aid in nutrient uptake)

51
Q

What are Group of achlorophyllous plants?

A

unable to photosynthesize and produce carbohydrates

52
Q

Do they have chlorophyll?

A

nope

53
Q

How do parasitic plants obtain their carbon?

A

from trees

54
Q

Alchlorphyllous use mycorrhizas to do what? (2)

A
  • to obtain minerals and nutrients
  • to tap the carbon supplies of nearby plants via their roots
55
Q

So some fungi in forest soils form mycorrhizal associations with what? (2)

A
  • Trees and achlorophyllous species
  • Carbohydrates pass from conifer to the achlorophyllous plants
56
Q

How do Carbohydrates pass from the conifer to the achlorophyllous plants?

A

via their common mycorrhizal partner

57
Q

What 2 very important economic uses of fungi?

A
  • food
  • antibiotics
58
Q

Hoe could they be important for food?

A
  • supermarket mushrooms, morels, truffles
  • ripen some cheeses: Brie, Camembert
  • others for flavor of cheese: Stilton, Gorgonzola
59
Q

which are dangerous?

A

Amanita = deadly

60
Q

Complete the sentence:
most _______ are fungi, slime & water ______ are protists!

A

most molds are fungi, slime & water molds are protists!

61
Q

Is yeast a fungi?

A

yes

62
Q

Is yeast uni or multicellular?

A

it’S uni

63
Q

Name 2 ways the cells may divide:

A
  • binary fission
  • by budding
64
Q

Where is yeast used?

A

In bread making, carbon dioxide is the important product, with the evolving gas causing the bread to rise.
* In beer and wine-making, alcohol is the important product of yeast, though carbon dioxide may also be used in beer and champagne.
= BREAD AND BEER (B&B)

65
Q

What is the second way fungi are economically important?

A

antibiotics

66
Q

How come they can be antibiotics?

A

Produce chemicals that kill them = Antibiotics

67
Q

Many fungi are natural enemies of bacteria, name one (you know this one):

A

Penicillin!!

68
Q

RECAP: what are the 3 main ecological roles of fungi:

A
  • decomposers
  • pathogens
  • mutualistic symbionts

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

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