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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 4 important things about animals:

A
  • Eukaryotic cells (*no CW)
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • Reproduce sexually
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2
Q

Are animals motile?

A

YES

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3
Q

Thanks to the nervous and muscle tissue unique to animals, what do they allow animals to do?

A
  • respond quickly and appropriately to changes in the environment
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4
Q

Name all 3 types of body symmetry:

A

1) Asymmetry
2) Radial symmetry
3) Bilateral symmetry

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5
Q

What is Asymmetry?

A

body that cannot be divided into
symmetrical body parts (not symmetrical)

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6
Q

Give an example of Asymmetry:

A

Sponges

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7
Q

What is Radial symmetry?

A

any cut along the central body axis
results in similar halves (like cutting a pie)

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8
Q

Give an example of Radial symmetry:

A

Jellyfish

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9
Q

What is Bilateral Symmetry?

A

only one cut along one plane (2 mirror-image halves)

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10
Q

Give an example of Bilateral symmetry:

A

Lizard, cow, …

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11
Q

Can animal make their own food?

A

NO

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12
Q

What does this mean?

A

Animals are Heterotrophic

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13
Q

What does Heterotrophic mean?

A

need to ingest food

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14
Q

What is the purpose of digestion?

A

to break down edible organic nutrients

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15
Q

Name the 2 ways of digestion:

A
  • Intracellular digestion
  • Extracellular digestion
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16
Q

Which one occurs INSIDE cells

A

Intracellular digestion

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17
Q

What does Intracellular digestion consist of? (involves the creation of what?)

A

involves the creation of FOOD VACUOLES

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18
Q

How are food vacuoles made? (what process)

A

trough phagocytosis

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19
Q

How are the food vacuoles broken down?

A

breakdown via hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes

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20
Q

Intracellular digestion is only found in WHAT?

A

the sponges

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21
Q

What is extracellular digestion then?

A

Breakdown of food OUTSIDE cells

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22
Q

Where does extracellular digestion take place?

A

in a compartment that is continuous with the outside of the animal’s body

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23
Q

What is this continuous compartment with outside of body for humans?

A

the digestive tract in humans

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24
Q

Where is there most of the absorption happening? + and via what blood vessel

A

Absorption of food via capillaries in
small intestine

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25
Q

True or False: Animals don’t need to exchange materials with their environment

A

FALSE, they need

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26
Q

What do cells need? (2)

A

a continuous supply of nutrients & wastes
must be eliminated

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27
Q

What happens if this does not happen?

A

it imposes limitations to their body plan

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28
Q

What are 2 general solutions to this problem?1

A

1) have a body size and shape such that most cells are in direct contact with the environment (single cell layer)
2) have a circulatory system

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29
Q

What are the 2 ways of circulation:

A

1) Diffusion
2) Circulatory system

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30
Q

Simple animals that lack an internal transport system rely on what?

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

What do some simple animals lack that necessitates reliance on diffusion?

A

An internal transport system.

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32
Q

What diffuses directly between individual cells and the environment? (*w/o an internal transport system)

A

nutrients, gases, and chemical wastes

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33
Q

Name three types of simple animals that rely on diffusion

A

Sponges, jellyfish, and some small worms (e.g., roundworms and flatworms like Planaria)

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34
Q

Why is diffusion effective only over small distances?

A

Because it is rapid only over small distances

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35
Q

Give an example of a unicellular organism that relies on diffusion

A

Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria or protozoa

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36
Q

How are cnidarians adapted for diffusion?

A

They have 2 layers of cells in constant contact with the environment.

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37
Q

What are the advantages of diffusion for simple animals?

A

Simplicity and direct exchange with the environment without complex transport systems.

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38
Q

Explain why sponges can rely on diffusion for their transport needs.

A

Sponges have a porous body structure that allows water to flow through, bringing nutrients and removing wastes directly.

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39
Q

NEXT (circulation)
Why did larger, more complex organisms evolve circulatory systems?

A

To meet the requirements of their cells that could not be met by diffusion alone

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40
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in complex organisms?

A

To give almost every cell access to substances present in the external environment

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41
Q

How does the circulatory system benefit cells in complex organisms?

A

It provides access to necessary substances

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42
Q

What are the necessary substances, give examples:

A

nutrients and oxygen

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43
Q

How does the circulatory system integrate most other body systems?

A

respiratory (O2 & CO2), digestive (absorption) & urinary (transportation of waste products)

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of Circulatory Systems

A

a) OPEN Circulatory System
b_ CLOSED Circulatory System

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45
Q

How does an open circulatory system function in terms of bathing tissues?

A

It bathes the tissues directly

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46
Q

What is the collective term for blood and interstitial fluid in an open circulatory system?

A

Hemolymph

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47
Q

Describe the path of hemolymph in an open circulatory system:

A

The heart pumps hemolymph into vessels with open ends, spilling out into large spaces and diffusing back into the circulatory system.

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48
Q

What are the large spaces called?

A

sinuses

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49
Q

What happens to hemolymph after it spills out of the open ends of blood vessels?

A

It fills up large spaces called sinuses.

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50
Q

Name two groups of animals that have an open circulatory system.

A

Arthropods (including insects and arachnids) and most mollusks.

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51
Q

How does hemolymph return to the heart in an open circulatory system?

A

It diffuses back into the circulatory system, eventually reaching the heart.

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52
Q

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes an open circulatory system from a closed one?

A

blood + interstitial fluid = hemolymph.

53
Q

Why might an open circulatory system be advantageous for arthropods and mollusks?

A

simpler and less energy loss and maintenance compared to a closed circulatory system.

54
Q

Name 3 invertebrates that have a closed circulatory system

A

segmented worms, squid and octopuses

55
Q

Name 4 vertebrates that have a closed circulatory system

A

birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals

56
Q

Finish the sentence: Animals lacking circulatory systems generally lack WHAT?

A

lack respiratory systems

57
Q

Individual cells rely on what?

A

on diffusion directly with environment

58
Q

Which part of an animal is where gases are
exchanged with the environment?

A

The respiratory surface

59
Q

What is the movement in and out with the chemicals?

A

the movements of CO2 (out) and O2 (in) across the respiratory surface occur entirely by diffusion

60
Q

The surface has to be 3 specific things, name them

A
  • moist
  • large
  • thin
61
Q

Why does the surface have to be large?

A

b/c it maximizes the rate of gas exchange

62
Q

Why does the surface have to be moist?

A

so gasses can diffuse rapidly

63
Q

What does the respiratory system include (for all types of animals)?

A
  • gills
  • lungs
  • tracheal system (insect)
64
Q

Where did life start?

A

in the sea

65
Q

What are believed to be the closest living relatives of animals?

A

Choanoflagellate

66
Q

Is Choanoflagellate an animal, a fungi, a protist or a plant?

A

A PROTIST

67
Q

Name the 7 main vertebrate groups in ORDER

A
  • Jawless fish
  • cartilaginous fish
  • Bony fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
68
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of a Jawless fish:

A

lack jaws, fins and scales, cartilaginous skeleton (ex. lampreys)

69
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of a Cartilaginous fish:

A

(sharks and rays) have jaws and paired fins, mostly cartilaginous skeleton

70
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of a Bony fish:

A

have jaws, fins, scales, bony skeleton.(ex. lungfish, sturgeon, salmon)

71
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of an Amphibian

A

(frogs, toads, salamanders)
* cold-blooded, breathe through moist
scaleless skin
* often in conjunction with gills or lungs
* four limbs.

72
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of a Reptile

A

(crocodiles, lizards, snakes) cold-blooded, dry scaly skin, breathe with lungs

73
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of a bird:

A

have feathers, wings, no teeth, warm-blooded

74
Q

Give an example + a few characteristics of a mammal:

A

have mammary glands, hair, warm-blooded.

75
Q

Name 3 methods of Asexual Reproduction in Animals:

A

a) Regeneration
b) Budding
c) Parthenogenesis

76
Q

What is Regenaration?

A

a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and
develop into a completely new individual.
(like Starfish & Planaria)

77
Q

What is Budding?

A

New individuals grow out from the parent organism (like Sponge & Hydra)

78
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

Development of an unfertilized egg into an adult individual (Daphnia or Whiptail lizards)

79
Q

Animal sexual reproduction was originally adapted for which type of habitats?

A

for AQUATIC habitats

80
Q

TRUE or FALSE: it often lack of physical contact b/w male & female

A

TRUE

81
Q

So, how would they create zygotes (fertilized egg)?

A

sperm and eggs (gametes) released in large numbers and meet (external fertilization)

82
Q

What is the FIRST terrestrial vertebrate?

A

The Amphibian

83
Q

How do they breathe?

A

Development of lungs (adults) + gas exchange through skin

84
Q

What did they develop to prevent their bodies from collapsing?

A

skeletal structure

85
Q

How does external fertilization happen for amphibians?

A

female releases eggs in water, male releases sperm amid the eggs

86
Q

Why do the eggs MUST remain in water?

A

b/c they will dehydrate

87
Q

Are invertebrates successful or not on land?

A

Very successful on land

88
Q

What do invertebrates have to reduce water loss?

A

a rigid exoskeleton

89
Q

Is their fertilization external or internal?

A

INTERNAL

90
Q

Do they need water to fertilize?

A

NO

91
Q

Insects have evolved spermatophores, what are these?

A

packages of sperm sealed in capsules

92
Q

What do they prevent the sperm from doing?

A

prevents the sperm from shriveling/drying up in the air.

93
Q

How are invertebrates able to do gas exchanges?

A

Through their tracheal system

94
Q

For reptiles and birds, what creates a waterproof barrier?

A

Scales and feathers

95
Q

What do they have (organ) for gas exchange?

A

Efficient lungs

96
Q

Internal or External fertilization?

A

INTERNAL fertilization

97
Q

How does fertilization happen for reptiles and birds?

A

sperm is deposited directly within female

98
Q

Do they need water for this?

A

NO

99
Q

With the formation of WHAT are they completely independent of water?

A

with the formation of the Amniotic egg

100
Q

What do the amniotic eggs (shelled eggs) allow?

A

allows for multiple births (eggs) AWAY from WATER

101
Q

Name 4 important organelles within the amniotic egg

A

1) amnion
2) allantois
3) yolk sac
4) chorion

102
Q

What collects wastes?

A

Allantois

103
Q

What contains nutrients?

A

Yolk sac

104
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

in the Chorion

105
Q

What is the amnion?

A

it protects the embryo from injury and dehydration

106
Q

What is the Shell permeable and impermeable to?

A

impermeable to water but
permeable to O2 and CO2

107
Q

What are the 2 main amniotic egg drawbacks?

A
  • insufficient protection from predators
  • cannot survive drastic environmental changes (extreme cold)
108
Q

For mammals, is the fertilization internal or external?

A

INTERNAL fertilization

109
Q

How is the development done of the young?

A

INTERNAL development

110
Q

How do they secrete milk?

A

mammary glands

111
Q

What are 4 characteristics about all mammals:

A
  • mammary glands
  • hair
  • specialized teeth
  • enlarged skull
112
Q

What are the 3 groups of mammals?

A

1) Monotremes
2) Marsupials
3) Eutherians

113
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

114
Q

Where are monotremes found?

A

found exclusively in Australia and New Guinea

115
Q

How do monotremes reproduce?

A

Monotremes lay eggs, and the mothers incubate the eggs.

116
Q

What is a characteristic retained from their reptilian-like ancestors?

A

Monotremes retain the characteristic of laying eggs inherited from their reptilian-like ancestors.

117
Q

How do echidnas feed their young?

A

young echidna sucks milk from pores in the mother’s pouch, as they do not have nipples.

118
Q

What are examples of marsupials?

A

opossums, kangaroos, and koalas.

119
Q

Where are most marsupials found?

A

found in Australia and New Guinea, although not exclusively

120
Q

How do marsupials differ from other mammals in terms of young development?

A

Marsupials have internal development of young, but the young are born prematurely.

121
Q

How do marsupials rear their young?

A

The young marsupials are reared in pouches after birth.

122
Q

How do young marsupials feed in the pouch?

A

Young marsupials attach to a nipple in the pouch and stay there until they can forage for themselves.

123
Q

What are placental mammals also known as?

A

eutherians

124
Q

Where does embryonic development occur in placental mammals?

A

occurs within a uterus

125
Q

How is the embryo joined to the mother in placental mammals?

A

by the placenta

126
Q

What does the placenta consist of?

A

consists of embryonic and maternal blood vessels.

127
Q

What processes occur across the placenta in placental mammals? (2)

A

diffusion and active transport of materials between maternal and embryonic circulation.

128
Q

What functions does the placenta serve for the embryo?

A

provides nutrients, exchanges respiratory gases, and disposes of metabolic wastes for the embryo

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