Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Community?

A

Association of populations of different species that live and interact in the same place at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

There are 7 different types of interactions, name all 7 with (+ or - / + or -)

A

1) Competition (-/-)
2) Predation (+/-)
3) Herbivory (+/-)
4) Parasitism (+/-)
5) Disease (+/-)
6) Mutualism (+/+)
7) Commensalism (+/0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between different species for a resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does strong competition lead to?

A

leads to competitive exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

The local elimination of one species due to strong competition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ecological niche?

A

total use of biotic and abiotic resources by an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give an example of a species niche

A

Warm temperatures, medium-sized insects, dry arid environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the ecological niche represent?

A

The set of optimal conditions for a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do different niches always complement each other?

A

No, there is usually some overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle?

A

Two species can’t coexist if their niches are identical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does coexistence happen according to the Competitive Exclusion Principle?

A

When niche overlap is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 types of Niches?

A
  • Fundamental niche
  • Realized niche
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the fundamental niche?

A

Potential niche for an organism in the ABSENCE of competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the realized niche?

A

The niche that an organism actually occupies in the PRESENCE of competition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who conducted the first experiments demonstrating the effect of competition on fundamental and realized niches?

A

Gause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What species were used in Gause’s experiments?

A

Two species of Paramecium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 species of Paramecium

A

P. aurelia and P. caudataum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why did competitive exclusion occur in Gause’s experiments?

A

oth Paramecium species had the same or very similar niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can ecologically similar species coexist in a community?

A

If there are significant differences in their niches, such as one species being unable to use or colonize other niches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

Differentiation of niches enabling similar species to coexist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does resource partitioning facilitate coexistence?

A

By allowing species to occupy different niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give an example of resource partitioning

A

A. insolitus perches on shady branches while A. distichus perches on sunny surfaces like fence posts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is character displacement?

A

evolution of slightly different niches by competing species to reduce interspecific competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do Darwin’s finches exemplify character displacement?

A

Competing species evolve different niches to avoid competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to niche differences when two species live together compared to when they live apart? (2)

A

Niche differences are greater with less overlap when they live together and less divergent with more overlap when they live apart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in (sympatric or allopatric) populations sympatric of two species?

A

sympatric populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

NEXT interaction: Predation (+/-)
What is predation?

A

interaction where one species kills and eats another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name some feeding adaptations of predators (5)

A

Claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, and poison.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some defensive adaptations of prey? (3)

A

Hiding, running, camouflage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does natural selection affect predators and prey?

A

Shapes their body forms and behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the main predator strategy?

A

CAMOUFLAGE
(predators are camouflaged TO avoid notice by their prey; others may attract their prey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some prey strategies?

A
  • flee, hide, live in groups,
  • mechanical defenses,
  • special coloration
  • use mimicry to avoid being preyed upon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 2 types of prey strategies related with coloration?

A

Aposematic & Cryptic coloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Cryptic coloration?

A

Camouflage that makes prey hard to see (blends in seamlessly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Aposematic coloration?

A

Warning Coloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why warning coloration?

A

predators tend to avoid prey with bright coloration b/c it signifies chemical defenses (toxins)

37
Q

What are the 2 types of prey strategies related with mimicry?

A

Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry

38
Q

What is Batesian Mimicry?

A

A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

39
Q

What is Mullerian Mimicry?

A

Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

40
Q

NEXT interaction: Herbivory (+/-)
What is herbivory?

A

The process in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant.

41
Q

How has herbivory influenced plant evolution?

A

It has led to the development of mechanical (spines, tough leaves) and chemical defenses

42
Q

What adaptations have herbivores developed in response to plant defenses?

A

they have evolved mechanisms to counteract or tolerate plant defenses

43
Q

Give an example of a plant with chemical defenses against herbivory.

A

Milkweeds produce chemicals that are poisonous to most insects

44
Q

NEXT interaction: Parastism (+/-)
What is Parasitism?

A

the parasite derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

45
Q

How are mites living in the trachea of honeybees an example of parasitism?

A

mites clog airways = eventually kills honeybees

46
Q

NEXT interaction: Mutualism (+/+)
What is Mutualism?

A

Interspecific interaction benefiting both species

47
Q

Give a few examples of Mutualism

A
  • Coral with zooxanthellae & polyp
  • Mycorrhizae: plant & fungus
  • Cleaner Wrasse & Sea Bass
  • Rhizobium & legume plants
48
Q

NEXT interaction: Commensalism (+/0)
What is Commensalism?

A

One species benefits and the other is NOT
affected

49
Q

Give an example of commensalism

A

Crab & sea anemones

50
Q

In interspecific interactions and adaptation, What is coevolution?

A

Reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species

51
Q

Give an example of coevolution.

A

The evolution of narrow deep flowers selects for the evolution of birds with long beaks for food, and vice versa for pollination.

52
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Species that, despite not being the most abundant, play critical ecological roles.

53
Q

Define dominant species.

A

the species with the most biomass

54
Q

Dominant Species can exert control over what? (2)

A

capable of exerting control over the occurrence and distribution of other species.

55
Q

Why are food webs more accurate than food chains in describing community interactions?

A

Because they illustrate the complex interactions between multiple species, whereas food chains represent only linear relationships between one species feeding on another

56
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

What is ecological succession?

57
Q

What does ecological succession involve?

A

It involves the transition in species composition in disturbed areas over ecological time.

58
Q

What is primary succession?

A

type of succession that begins in a lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

59
Q

Where does primary succession occur?

A

volcanic islands or moraines left behind as glaciers retreat.

60
Q

What organisms are initially present in primary succession?

A

only autotrophic prokaryotes

61
Q

What happens after autotrophic prokaryotes in primary succession?

A

Mosses and lichens colonize

62
Q

What do mosses and lichen cause?

A

cause the development of soil

63
Q

Which organisms colonize after autotrophic prokaryotes in primary succession?

A

Grasses, shrubs, and trees sprout

64
Q

How do grasses, shrubs, and trees establish themselves in primary succession?

A

They sprout from seeds blown or carried into the area

65
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

It occurs where an existing community has been removed by a disturbance such as a clear-cut or fire, while the soil is left intact.

66
Q

What type of species typically grow first in secondary succession?

A

Herbaceous species grow first

67
Q

Herbaceous species grow first from WHAT? (2)

A

from wind-blown or animal-borne seeds.

68
Q

What replaces the herbaceous species in secondary succession?

A

Woody shrubs

69
Q

What comes after woody shrubs in secondary succession?

A

forest trees

70
Q

What is the stable final stage of succession called?

A

the climax community

71
Q

How can a climax community be disturbed?

A

disturbances = fire

72
Q

What happens after a disturbance destroys a climax community?

A

Eventually, the climax community will reconstitute itself through succession.

73
Q

Besides natural disturbances like fire and insect outbreaks, what is another factor that can affect ecological succession?

A

Human disturbance: activities like agriculture, logging (forest clearing), and ocean trawling.

74
Q

How does human disturbance impact species diversity in communities?

A

typically reduces species diversity

75
Q

What are some consequences of deforestation caused by human disturbance?

A

Deforestation -> soil erosion, which in turn leads to eutrophication and silt accumulation in surrounding bodies of water.

76
Q

What are some effects of having fewer trees in an area?

A

less shade, higher river temperatures, adverse effects on aquatic animal life, reduced habitat for arboreal species, decreased food sources, and less carbon dioxide stored in terrestrial reservoirs.

77
Q

What is nutrient pollution caused by?

A

Nutrient pollution (eutrophication) caused by excess inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus into wetland habitats

78
Q

What does this lead to?

A

leads to increased algal growth and subsequent ecological imbalances.

79
Q

How does soil erosion lead to nutrient enrichment of aquatic ecosystems?

A

Rainwater washes fertilizers into rivers and lakes.

80
Q

What happens when there’s an increase in nitrate or phosphate in water bodies?

A

Algae growth is encouraged, forming blooms.

81
Q

What is the term for excessive algal growth in water bodies?

A

eutrophication

82
Q

How does excess algal growth affect other water plants?

A

It prevents sunlight from reaching them, causing them to die.

83
Q

What are some consequences of algae secreting toxins?

A

Fish can die, and humans can be affected.

84
Q

What role do bacteria play in this process?

A

They decompose dead plants, using up oxygen and potentially leaving the lake lifeless.

85
Q

Give the (+ or -/ + or -) for each statement:
The interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other

A

(+/-)

86
Q

Give the (+ or -/ + or -) for each statement + type of interaction: One species benefits from the interaction, and the other species is unaffected by it

A

Commensalism (+/0)

87
Q

Give the (+ or -/ + or -) for each statement + type of interaction: The interaction is beneficial to both species

A

Mutualism (+/+)

88
Q

Give the (+ or -/ + or -) for each statement + type of interaction: The interaction can be detrimental to both species

A

Competition (-/-)

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions