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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Domain Eukarya is divided in how many kingdoms + name them all

A

4 kingdoms
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia

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2
Q

Are protists motile?

A

Most are

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3
Q

Sexual or Asexual reproduction?

A

both

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4
Q

True or false: most are terrestrial

A

FALSE: Most are aquatic (terrestrial protists are found in moist environments)

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5
Q

True or false: Only autotrophic?

A

FALSE: Protists may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

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6
Q

Are they unicellular?

A

Uni and Mutli cellular

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Protists are more diverse
than all other eukaryotes

A

TRUE

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8
Q

If protists can have sexual reproduction, what does that include?

A

forming gametes

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9
Q

If protists can have Asexual reproduction, what does that include?

A

binary fission

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10
Q

What is the term associated with this definition: independent multicellular haploid life stage alternating with multicellular diploid stage

A

Alternation of generation

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11
Q

Protists vary in their method of obtaining food, in how many groups do they separate?

A

3 main groups

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12
Q

Name all 3 groups

A

Animal-like
Plant-like
Fungi-like

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13
Q

Which group is autotrophic?

A

the Plant-like group

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14
Q

Which one is absorptive/ingestive (heterotrophic)?

A

Fungi-like group

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15
Q

How do animal-like groups obtain their food?

A

Ingestive (heterotrophic) (like protozoa)

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16
Q

Let’s talk more about animal-like Protists: Protozoa
are they unicellular? multi? colonial?

A

mostly single-celled (unicellular)

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17
Q

Are they heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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18
Q

Are they parasitic or mutualistic?

A

parasitic

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19
Q

Do they have a cell wall?

A

NO, but they have a pellicle

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20
Q

name 2 structure for feeding

A
  • food vacuoles
  • contractile vacuoles
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21
Q

Animal-like protists are mostly motile, name structures of locomotion

A

flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, non-motile

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22
Q

Through what process can they eat?

A

through phagocytosis

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23
Q

Give an example of an animal-like protist

A

Amoebas

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24
Q

Name all characteristics of Amoebas:

A
  • unicellular
  • lobe-shaped (pseudopodia)
  • contractile vacuole
  • found in soil, freshwater, and marine environments
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25
Q

Are Amoeba autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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26
Q

What does this mean?

A

they actively seek and consume
bacteria and other protists

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27
Q

What are pseudopods? what are they used for?

A

“false feet”; temporary extension for locomotion and feeding

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28
Q

Name 2 protists that are Ciliates

A

Paramecium and Stentor

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29
Q

What is so special about Ciliates?

A
  • they are part of zooplankton
  • use cilia to move and feed (heterotrophic)
    AND they have a macro and micronuclei
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30
Q

What does the macronucleus contain?

A

contains multiple copies of the genetic material - controls the everyday functions of the cell (i.e. metabolism).

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31
Q

What does the micronucleus involve in?

A

e involved in sexual reproduction (two genetically different strains come together and exchange genes = genetic variation).

32
Q

Do they have a CW or a pellicle?

A

Pellicle (provides extra support and
protection)

33
Q

How does Paramecium eat?

A

“mouth” in the form of a groove leading to a funnel-shaped gullet,
* at the end of which food vacuoles form (to digest food)
– Food vacuoles: similar to the digestive system of multicellular animals

34
Q

Where are the cilia located on Stentor?

A

Cilia are concentrated into a tuft-like mop at the anterior end of the cell

35
Q

What is the use of cilia?

A

create current to draw food in mouth + helps with locomotion

36
Q

Paramecium or Stentor shaped like a trumpet?

A

Stentor

37
Q

Is Stentor’s macronucleus different from Paramecium’s? (explain)

A

Yes, it’s subdivided into a string of beads
(rather than occurring as one membrane-bound mass of DNA (for paramecium) )

38
Q

Name 5 important characteristics of Flagellates Euglenozoans

A
  • heterotrophs
  • photosynthetic autotrophs
  • mixotrophs
  • pathogenic parasites
  • have pellicle
39
Q

What does it mean if Euglena is mixotrophic?

A

autotrophic when sunlight available
heterotrophic in absence of light

40
Q

Is it a zooplankton or a phytoplankton?

A

BOTH

41
Q

What color is Euglena?

A

Green

42
Q

Why is it green? Where does this pigment come from?

A

Mixotrophs have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b

43
Q

What do you know about eye spots?

A

photoreceptor apparatus/system
* eyespot and pigment shield so they can detect and swim towards light (useful for photosynthesis!)

44
Q

Name a Parasitic animal-like protist (some euglenozoans) that is BAD

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense species

45
Q

What is this?

A

species causes West African sleeping
sickness

46
Q

What is the biological vector?

A

transmitted by an infected tsetse fly

47
Q

Name a couple of symptoms:

A

recurring fevers, lethargic, difficulty speaking & walking, altered sleep / wake cycle

48
Q

What does this disease affect majoritively?

A

Central Nervous System

49
Q

Name another animal-like parasite

A

Giardia

50
Q

Where do we find giardia?

A

Flagellated Intestinal parasite in mammals

51
Q

What does it cause?

A

“backpackers diarrhea” (infection among campers)

52
Q

How can you get infected?

A

by drinking the water contaminated with feces containing cysts (boiling the water kills the parasite)

53
Q

Toxoplasma is other parasitic protist, is it common?

A

Yes, anyone can be affected by it
common worldwide (30-40%)
- infection associated with neurological disorders…

54
Q

Are Fungus-like protists photosynthetic?

A

NO

54
Q

Are Fungus-like protists producers, consumers or decomposers?

A

decomposers

54
Q

Where are they commonly found?

A

in soil, water (as parasites)

54
Q

Name 2 types of Fungus-like protists

A
  • oomycetes (water mold)
  • slime molds
55
Q

Which one cause the Irish potato famine in mid 1800s?

A

oomycetes (water mold)

56
Q

Does water mold have a CW? if so, what is it made out of?

A

yes, cellulose-like & glycan cell walls

57
Q

Does slime mold have a CW? if so, what is it made out of?

A

no cell walls in the plasmodium stage

58
Q

Which one are phagocytic cells?

A

Slime molds

59
Q

Which one extend their pseudopodia to engulf their food through phagocytosis?

A

Slime molds

60
Q

Which one is an absorptive feeder with hyphae?

A

Water molds

61
Q

What happens when conditions become harsh for slim molds?

A

they form sporangia (spore clusters) AND they disperse to new habitats

62
Q

The last kind of protist a plant-like protist
are they photosynthetic organisms?

A

YES

63
Q

are they uni or multicellular?

A

multicellular

64
Q

where do you find them?

A

in freshwater or marine forms

65
Q

What do they contain to be photosynthetic organisms

A

they contain chloroplasts

66
Q

Do green algae have a CW, if so what is it made out of?

A

YES, cellulose (or silica for diatoms)

67
Q

Green algae store their excess glucose as what?

A

as starch

68
Q

Diatoms store their excess glucose as what?

A

as oil (responsible for petroleum deposits)

69
Q

Which plant-like algae is colonial?

A

Volvox

70
Q

Why are algae species important commercially?

A

They are used as thickening agents

71
Q

Give examples of products used in the food industry

A
  • agar plates from red algae
  • nori
  • ice cream
  • pudding
72
Q

Protists can vary in 3 main ways:

A
  • morphology
  • mode of nutrition
  • mode of locomotion
73
Q
A

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

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