Lecture 14 Flashcards
Domain Eukarya is divided in how many kingdoms + name them all
4 kingdoms
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
Are protists motile?
Most are
Sexual or Asexual reproduction?
both
True or false: most are terrestrial
FALSE: Most are aquatic (terrestrial protists are found in moist environments)
True or false: Only autotrophic?
FALSE: Protists may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Are they unicellular?
Uni and Mutli cellular
TRUE or FALSE: Protists are more diverse
than all other eukaryotes
TRUE
If protists can have sexual reproduction, what does that include?
forming gametes
If protists can have Asexual reproduction, what does that include?
binary fission
What is the term associated with this definition: independent multicellular haploid life stage alternating with multicellular diploid stage
Alternation of generation
Protists vary in their method of obtaining food, in how many groups do they separate?
3 main groups
Name all 3 groups
Animal-like
Plant-like
Fungi-like
Which group is autotrophic?
the Plant-like group
Which one is absorptive/ingestive (heterotrophic)?
Fungi-like group
How do animal-like groups obtain their food?
Ingestive (heterotrophic) (like protozoa)
Let’s talk more about animal-like Protists: Protozoa
are they unicellular? multi? colonial?
mostly single-celled (unicellular)
Are they heterotrophic or autotrophic?
heterotrophic
Are they parasitic or mutualistic?
parasitic
Do they have a cell wall?
NO, but they have a pellicle
name 2 structure for feeding
- food vacuoles
- contractile vacuoles
Animal-like protists are mostly motile, name structures of locomotion
flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, non-motile
Through what process can they eat?
through phagocytosis
Give an example of an animal-like protist
Amoebas
Name all characteristics of Amoebas:
- unicellular
- lobe-shaped (pseudopodia)
- contractile vacuole
- found in soil, freshwater, and marine environments
Are Amoeba autotrophic or heterotrophic?
heterotrophic
What does this mean?
they actively seek and consume
bacteria and other protists
What are pseudopods? what are they used for?
“false feet”; temporary extension for locomotion and feeding
Name 2 protists that are Ciliates
Paramecium and Stentor
What is so special about Ciliates?
- they are part of zooplankton
- use cilia to move and feed (heterotrophic)
AND they have a macro and micronuclei
What does the macronucleus contain?
contains multiple copies of the genetic material - controls the everyday functions of the cell (i.e. metabolism).
What does the micronucleus involve in?
e involved in sexual reproduction (two genetically different strains come together and exchange genes = genetic variation).
Do they have a CW or a pellicle?
Pellicle (provides extra support and
protection)
How does Paramecium eat?
“mouth” in the form of a groove leading to a funnel-shaped gullet,
* at the end of which food vacuoles form (to digest food)
– Food vacuoles: similar to the digestive system of multicellular animals
Where are the cilia located on Stentor?
Cilia are concentrated into a tuft-like mop at the anterior end of the cell
What is the use of cilia?
create current to draw food in mouth + helps with locomotion
Paramecium or Stentor shaped like a trumpet?
Stentor
Is Stentor’s macronucleus different from Paramecium’s? (explain)
Yes, it’s subdivided into a string of beads
(rather than occurring as one membrane-bound mass of DNA (for paramecium) )
Name 5 important characteristics of Flagellates Euglenozoans
- heterotrophs
- photosynthetic autotrophs
- mixotrophs
- pathogenic parasites
- have pellicle
What does it mean if Euglena is mixotrophic?
autotrophic when sunlight available
heterotrophic in absence of light
Is it a zooplankton or a phytoplankton?
BOTH
What color is Euglena?
Green
Why is it green? Where does this pigment come from?
Mixotrophs have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
What do you know about eye spots?
photoreceptor apparatus/system
* eyespot and pigment shield so they can detect and swim towards light (useful for photosynthesis!)
Name a Parasitic animal-like protist (some euglenozoans) that is BAD
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense species
What is this?
species causes West African sleeping
sickness
What is the biological vector?
transmitted by an infected tsetse fly
Name a couple of symptoms:
recurring fevers, lethargic, difficulty speaking & walking, altered sleep / wake cycle
What does this disease affect majoritively?
Central Nervous System
Name another animal-like parasite
Giardia
Where do we find giardia?
Flagellated Intestinal parasite in mammals
What does it cause?
“backpackers diarrhea” (infection among campers)
How can you get infected?
by drinking the water contaminated with feces containing cysts (boiling the water kills the parasite)
Toxoplasma is other parasitic protist, is it common?
Yes, anyone can be affected by it
common worldwide (30-40%)
- infection associated with neurological disorders…
Are Fungus-like protists photosynthetic?
NO
Are Fungus-like protists producers, consumers or decomposers?
decomposers
Where are they commonly found?
in soil, water (as parasites)
Name 2 types of Fungus-like protists
- oomycetes (water mold)
- slime molds
Which one cause the Irish potato famine in mid 1800s?
oomycetes (water mold)
Does water mold have a CW? if so, what is it made out of?
yes, cellulose-like & glycan cell walls
Does slime mold have a CW? if so, what is it made out of?
no cell walls in the plasmodium stage
Which one are phagocytic cells?
Slime molds
Which one extend their pseudopodia to engulf their food through phagocytosis?
Slime molds
Which one is an absorptive feeder with hyphae?
Water molds
What happens when conditions become harsh for slim molds?
they form sporangia (spore clusters) AND they disperse to new habitats
The last kind of protist a plant-like protist
are they photosynthetic organisms?
YES
are they uni or multicellular?
multicellular
where do you find them?
in freshwater or marine forms
What do they contain to be photosynthetic organisms
they contain chloroplasts
Do green algae have a CW, if so what is it made out of?
YES, cellulose (or silica for diatoms)
Green algae store their excess glucose as what?
as starch
Diatoms store their excess glucose as what?
as oil (responsible for petroleum deposits)
Which plant-like algae is colonial?
Volvox
Why are algae species important commercially?
They are used as thickening agents
Give examples of products used in the food industry
- agar plates from red algae
- nori
- ice cream
- pudding
Protists can vary in 3 main ways:
- morphology
- mode of nutrition
- mode of locomotion
