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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

Plants

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1
Q

Are plants motile?

A

no

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2
Q

Are plants aquatic or terrestrial?

A

terrestrial

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3
Q

Are plants uni or multicellular?

A

multicellular

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4
Q

Are plants prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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5
Q

Resay all 4 main qualifications for a plant:

A
  • multicellular
  • terrestrial
  • non-motile
  • eukaryotes
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6
Q

What do most plants contain (very important)

A

contain chlorophyll

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7
Q

What is the nutritional mode of plants (troph)

A

Autotrophic

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8
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

they can produce their own organic compounds

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9
Q

Through photosynthesis, what do plants produce?

A

Plants produce oxygen

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10
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

synthesis of sugar using light

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11
Q

What do they reduce?

A

Reduce greenhouse gasses

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12
Q

Name one of the gasses:

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

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13
Q

True or False: Plants moderate climate (shade)

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What do plants provide for wildlife?

A

they provide cover/habitat

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15
Q

Plants are WHAT for many organisms?

A

are a food source

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16
Q

How do plants build soil?

A

accumulation of dead plant material

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17
Q

Plants can hold 2 things, name them

A

1) water
2) soil

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18
Q

What do forests prevent?

A

they prevent soil erosion

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19
Q

What is the most common result of soil erosion?

A

Soil erosion is often a result of forest clearing

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20
Q

What is forest clearing?

A

When there are no trees, rainfall lands directly on the ground (rather than through the tree branches)

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21
Q

So how does soil erosion happen then?

A

more water hits the ground with more force washing soil away

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22
Q

What acts as underground nets preventing extensive soil movements?

A

Root systems

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23
Q

Name a possible plant Anestor:

A

green algae (protists)

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24
Q

Both green algae & plants possess 3 things:

A
  • photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a & b)
  • Both store carbohydrates as starch
  • Cellulose – main cell wall component
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25
Q

What is the main difference b/w algae & plants?

A

Algae adapted for life in water
Plants adapted for life on land

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26
Q

Name all 4 main groups of land plants

A

1) Bryophytes
2) seedless vascular plants
3) gymnosperms
4) angiosperms

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27
Q

Which 2 groups are dependent on water for reproduction?

A

Bryophytes & seedless vascular plants

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28
Q

Which 2 groups are INdependent on water for reproduction?

A

gymnosperms & angiosperms

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29
Q

What do gymnosperms & angiosperms use for reproduction then?

A

they use wind & animals, etc.

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30
Q

Name one example of a Bryophytes:

A

mosses (*non-vascular)

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31
Q

Name one example of a seedless vascular plnat

A

ferns

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32
Q

Name one example of a gymnosperm

A

conifers

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33
Q

Name one example of an angiosperm

A

flowering plants

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34
Q

What is particular about Bryophytes?

A

No true tissues & NO vascular system

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35
Q

Due to what are bryophytes small size, compact and slow-growing?

A

due to reliance on diffusion

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36
Q

Do bryophytes have true organs?

A

no true organs (no leaves, no roots)

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37
Q

what do they rely on to obtain nutrients?

A

must rely on DIFFUSION

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38
Q

Why does the lack of true organs affect it so much?

A

because of lack of vascular tissue (SO CAN’T transport water/nutrients)

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39
Q

How are the cells of a moss NOT organized into?

A

Cells of a moss are NOT organized into tissues

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40
Q

Generally, is their one cell layer thin or thick?

A

Generally one cell layer thick (i.e. no tissues)

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41
Q

Plants without vascular systems have WHAT?

A

rhizoids

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42
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

not roots, they serve as anchors

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43
Q

Give an example of a Peat moss:

A

Sphagnum

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44
Q

What is peat moss used for today in gardening?

A

Peat moss is used to retain moisture in the soil

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45
Q

What was peat moss used for in the past as a natural remedy?

A

used as a natural antiseptic material for wounds, preventing infection.

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46
Q

Who is the “Tollund Man” and where was he found?

A

The “Tollund Man” is a preserved BODY dated 405-100 B.C. found in peat moss.

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47
Q

What type of environment preserves mammalian bodies well?

A

Anaerobic acidic Sphagnum bogs.

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48
Q

What compounds inhibit bacterial and fungal activity?

A

Phenolic compounds and acidic secretions.

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49
Q

What prevents the decay of organic materials?

A

Resistant phenolic compounds and acidic secretions inhibit decay.

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50
Q

What does Bryophytes NOT HAVE that all 3 others have?

A

Bryophytes = NO vascular tissue
Seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms YES YES YES

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51
Q

What do Bryophytes require most?

A

WATER

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52
Q

Finish the sentence: Bryophytes are limited to _______ environments

A

MOIST environments

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53
Q

Why do they require water?

A

for fertilization

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54
Q

What do they need for plants to become successful on land?

A

need a better way of acquiring, moving & retaining water & nutrients

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55
Q

What is one adaptation to Land to help with water retention?

A

Waxy cuticle

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56
Q

What is the main function of the waxy cuticle?

A

prevents water loss = prevents desiccation/dryness (waterproofing)

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57
Q

What is another adaptation to land related to gas exchange?

A

Stomatal system

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58
Q

What is the stomatal system?

A

stoma/stomata = tiny pores on leaf to facilitate gas exchange
+ guard cells (open & closes) to prevent water loss

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59
Q

To better adapt to land, plants developed WHAT?

A

tissues!

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60
Q

What are tissues?

A

group of closely associated cells that work together to perform a specialized or particular function

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61
Q

What do we call tissues used in the movement of water & nutrients?

A

Vascular tissue (like a circulatory system)

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62
Q

What is the main function of the vascular tissue?

A

Used to transport water/minerals/sugars from roots to leaves

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63
Q

What are the 2 kinds of vascular tissue?

A

xylem & phloem

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64
Q

What does xylem do?

A

it carries water and inorganic nutrients (minerals)

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65
Q

What does phloem do?

A

carries water and organic molecules (sugar,
amino acids, & other organic products)

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66
Q

Once again, what is the vascular system?

A

A collection of tissues specialized to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

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67
Q

Plants are decomposed into 3 crucial parts:

A

root
stem
leave

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68
Q

What do you know about roots?

A
  • Anchor plants
  • Nutrient & water uptake
  • Storage
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69
Q

Why do roots have root hairs?

A

to increase the surface area

70
Q

What do you know about stems?

A
  • Aboveground structural support for leaves
  • Transport material from roots to leaves
71
Q

What do you know about leaves?

A

Site of photosynthesis

72
Q

Why do leaves have large surface areas?

A

solar collector -> collect more sunlight

73
Q

The main reason why Flat thin leaves have an epidermal layer (& waxy coat)

A

reduce evaporation (water loss) & contain stomata (gas exchange)

74
Q

Name an example of Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Ferns (a transitional plant)

75
Q

Why do they still require water?

A

the Sperm is flagellated therefore still requires water to reach the egg

76
Q

HOWEVER, there are 2 evolutionary advancements, name them

A

1) well-developed vascular tissue & plant organs (leaves/roots/stems)
2) Support large upright above-ground parts

77
Q

Are they less dependent on water?

A

Yes

78
Q

Complete the sentence: Therefore not limited to ______ (can grow _______!)

A

Therefore not limited to GROUND (can grow BIGGER!)

79
Q

Name a group of sporangium:

A

Fern Sorus

80
Q

What do Fern Sorus lack?

A

they lack seeds

81
Q

If Fern Sorus lacks in seeds, they must rely on what for dispersal?

A

must rely on SPORES (like Bryophytes)

82
Q

Through what process do Ferns go through?

A

Alternation of generation

83
Q

Name 3 economic benefits of seedless vascular plants vascular

A
  • fiddleheads (food)
  • folk medicine (intestinal worms, licorice
    fern: sore throat & coughs)
  • fronds (basket weaving)
84
Q

In recap, how are seedless vascular plants MORE advanced than mosses?

A

thanks to the vascular tissue

85
Q

Name 3 important factors for seedless vascular plants

A
  • wider range
  • greater size (↑ photosynthesis)
  • great variety
86
Q

Where are they still relatively common?

A

in damp/moist environments

87
Q

Why do they need to be in damp environments?

A

sperm is flagellated = must swim to egg

88
Q

Through the Plant evolution, which ones have SEEDS?

A

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

89
Q

What are seeds and what do they contain?

A

a specialized structure that contains an embryo

90
Q

What is a seed coat?

A

it’s a protective covering for the embryo

91
Q

Why are seeds important?

A

Because they are the means of dispersing offspring

92
Q

In a seed there are 3 important things, name them:

A
  • embryo
  • seed coat
  • food storage tissue
93
Q

Why does the seed contain a food supply?

A

after germination seed nourishes plant embryos until it becomes self-sufficient

94
Q

What is the shape of a Gymnosperms?

A

Needle shaped leaves

95
Q

Give 1 example of Gymnosperms:

A

conifers like the Christmas tree

96
Q

Conifers are non-deciduous, what does this mean?

A

leaves do not fall off all at once, exceptions (i.e. larch) (less shedding)

97
Q

What do we call those who retain some green leaves year-round?

A

evergreens

98
Q

What are perennials?

A

live year after year (vs. annuals)

99
Q

What are 2 Evolutionary advancements with Gymnosperms?

A

1) DO NOT need water for fertilization
2) Produce seeds

100
Q

What do female cones produce?

A

eggs

101
Q

Where do female cones produce eggs?

A

in ovules

102
Q

Where is sperm develop?

A

in pollen grains

103
Q

What do pollen grains have that facilitates dispersal?

A

air sacs/bladders

104
Q

So, how are seeds transferred?

A

by wind!

105
Q

What are the step to a female cone to be fertilized?

A

a male cone releases pollen, pollen is dispersed by wind and fertilizes a female cone to fertilize egg

106
Q

What does this fertilized egg develop into?

A

fertilized egg develops into an embryo within a seed

107
Q

What happens then with the seed?

A

The seed is transferred/dispersed with wind (wind dispersal)

108
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Gymnosperms vascular plants with seeds

A

TRUE

109
Q

What do Gymnosperms produce?

A

Produce wind-borne pollen grains

110
Q

Production of WHAT (2) are features of conifers that allow for further adaptation to life on land?

A

production of seeds and pollination

111
Q

Why do we say that conifer seeds with their embryos are said to be “naked”?

A

b/c they are not enclosed in anything (no fruit)

112
Q

Producing naked seeds makes them vulnerable to WHAT? (2)

A
  • environmental influences
  • attacked by birds, insects, and other animals
113
Q

What is the last category of plant evolution?

A

Angiosperms

114
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: they are the most diverse and successful group of plants

A

TRUE

115
Q

Angiosperms are considered to be the most highly evolved plants, what do Angiosperms produce?

A

They produce flowers

116
Q

Why are flowers so important?

A

b/c they promote fertilization via animals

117
Q

Why do we say that the seed is no longer naked?

A

b/c the seeds are enclosed within a fruit

118
Q

Give a few examples of angiosperms:

A

green beans, melons, tomatoes, apples…

119
Q

Name the 2 male parts of a flower

A

Anther and Filament

120
Q

What are the male parts called?

A

Stamen

121
Q

Name the 3 female parts of a flower

A

Stigma, Style and Ovary

122
Q

What are the female parts called?

A

Pistil or Carpel

123
Q

Ovules are enclosed within a what?

A

within an Ovary

124
Q

Which part of the flower produced pollen?

A

the anther

125
Q

Where is the pollen deposited?

A

on the stigma

126
Q

How does fertilization happen?

A

sperm from pollen migrates to fertilize one of the eggs in an ovule

127
Q

What 2 things happen after fertilization?

A
  • ovules become seeds
  • ovary wall thickens
128
Q

What does the ovary become/develop into?

A

develops into a FRUIT

129
Q

What is a Fruit?

A

A “fruit” is the tissue that surrounds the seed

130
Q

What do we call those layers that develop from the ovary?

A

pericarp (aka fruit)

131
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The fruit may be fleshy or dry

A

true

132
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the pericarp of some foods may be removed before going to market

A

TRUE: walnuts and coconuts

133
Q

Remind me again what happens after fertilization

A

ovule becomes seed & ovary wall thickens = develops into a fruit

134
Q

Give an example of a fruit that is not fleshy and sweet

A

edible Rose hips

135
Q

What do flowers attract?

A

pollinators

136
Q

Give a few examples of a pollinator:

A

insects & other animals, ex. insects, birds, bats

137
Q

Why do we want flowers to attract pollinators?

A

for pollination

138
Q

How do flowers attract pollinators?

A

Leaves colorful & offer nutritional rewards (nectar, wax, pollen)

139
Q

How are fruits dispersed (3) + examples

A

by wind (tulips)
by water (coconuts)
MANY are used to attract animals (mammals/birds…)

140
Q

What 2 plant adaptations are used to limit water loss?

A
  • thick cuticle
  • fewer stomata + opening of stomata at specific times (only at nighttime to gather and store CO2)
141
Q

What 2 plant adaptations are used to store water (for water storage)?

A
  • enlarged stems (cacti)
  • thicker leaves (aloe)
142
Q

What 2 plant adaptations are used to take up water?

A
  • deep root systems
  • laterally extensive root systems
143
Q

All of these 6 plant adaptations are useful in what types of climates?

A

HOT/DRY climates

144
Q

What are 3 plant adaptations that are useful in WET climates

A
  • thin cuticle & thin epidermis
  • air sacs and large flat leaves
  • stomata on top of the leave
145
Q

Why are air sacs and large flat leaves important in wet climates?

A

air sacs for buoyancy (float/rise due to gravity)
large flat leaves for flotation

146
Q

What do plants produce that aid in their survival? (2)

A

produce various hormones/chemicals

147
Q

What do growth hormones do?

A

help plants grow & develop

148
Q

Give a few examples of growth hormones

A

Auxins, Gibberellins, etc.

149
Q

Name a toxin that kills/inhibits other organisms.

A

Allelochemicals

150
Q

They help the plants survive and allow them to respond to their environment (what does responding to their environment mean?)

A

Gravitropism, phototropism…

151
Q

What are auxins?

A

Auxins are plant growth regulators or hormones that promote plant growth

152
Q

Do auxins promote growth on the vertical or horizontal axis?

A

along the vertical axis

153
Q

Where does auxin accumulation occur in response to gravity?

A

Auxin accumulates on the lower side of plant tissues in response to gravity.

154
Q

What effect does auxin accumulation have on stem cells?

A

Auxin accumulation causes the lower cells of the stem to grow more than those on the upper side.

155
Q

What is the result of auxin accumulation in stems?

A

The lower side of the stem grows faster, causing it to bend upward.

156
Q

What type of gravitropism is exhibited by stems?

A

Stems exhibit NEGATIVE gravitropism, bending away from the force of gravity.

157
Q

Where does it produce more auxin? (shoot or root?)

A

SHOOT produces more auxin than root

158
Q

Does gravitropism happen in roots too?

A

YES

159
Q

Where does auxin accumulate in roots?

A

accumulates on the lower side of plant tissues in response to gravity

160
Q

How does it affect the cells?

A

this causes those cells to grow LESS (than cells on upper side)

161
Q

How does it inhibit cell growth?
(2 -> lower & upper side)

A

The Lower side of the root will grow SLOWER AND Upper side of roots will grow FASTER

162
Q

Is this negative or positive gravitropism?

A

POSITIVE gravitropism

163
Q

What do Allelochemicals that some plants produce do that make them toxic to other plants?

A

Inhibit growth, germination, cell division,
water/nutrient uptake, respiration, etc.

164
Q

Name a plant that has allelochemical properties

A

Garlic

165
Q

How does this allow for many advantages to the plant producing the allelochemical? (3)

A
  • less competition
  • more nutrients (water, sunlight, nutrients, space…)
  • results in greater survival/success of plant
166
Q

What is Gibberellins?

A

GA: plant growth hormone

167
Q

What are the effects of Gibberellins?

A
  • stem elongation,
  • increased internodal length,
  • germination,
  • flowering,
  • fruit ripening,
  • breaks dormancy
168
Q

Why is Gibberellins helpful in dwarf plants?

A

Dwarf plants don’t produce gibberellin (GA)
Therefore, Application of GA will INCREASE plant growth in dwarf plants

169
Q

Name a few reasons why products from seed plants are commercially important:

A
  • food
  • ornamental plant
  • paper
  • furniture, lumber
  • feed livestock
  • musical instruments…
170
Q

RECAP: what is the most primitive of the plant evolution?

A

Bryophytes (mosses)

171
Q

What are considered to be transitional plants?

A

Seedless Vascular plants (Ferns)

172
Q

Name 2 seed-producing vascular plants:

A

Gymnosperms (naked seeds) & Angiosperms (covered seeds)

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

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