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Biology🧪🌱💦 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biologists classify living things into WHAT?

A

a few large groups
called DOMAINS

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2
Q

How many domains are there?

A

3 distinct domains

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3
Q

name all 3

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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4
Q

Which one(s) are part of Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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5
Q

Between Bacteria & Archaea, which one is closer to Eukarya?

A

Archaea

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6
Q

Are prokaryotes (B & A) mostly unicellular or multi?

A

uni

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7
Q

Do they have a nucleus?

A

NO

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8
Q

How is their chromosome?

A

A simple genome -> usually one circular chromosome

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9
Q

Do they all mostly have a CW or no?

A

yes, mostly

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10
Q

Is their ribosome structure the same as eukaryotes?

A

NO, it’s different

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11
Q

Reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Asexually

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12
Q

Prokaryotes (2 Domains: Bacteria & Archaea) have 6 main characteristics, name them all

A
  1. most are unicellular
  2. lack nucleus
  3. simple gnome = one circular chromosome
  4. CW (differs from that of plants & fungi)
  5. Ribosome structure (different than that of eukaryotes)
  6. Reproduce Asexually (no meiosis)
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13
Q

Where can I find Prokaryotes? ()

A
  • Air
  • Soil
  • Water
  • On plants
  • On/in Animals
  • Polar ice caps
  • Deep sea hydrothermal vents

Present pretty much everywhere

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14
Q

According to what are the prokaryotes extremely varied (metabolically wise)?

A

According to the source of ENERGY or CARBON

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of energy in Sources of Energy?

A

Chemotrophs & Phototrophs

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16
Q

What do you know about Chemotrophs?

A

Energy from chemical bonds
*These can be organic compounds (carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, etc)
* or inorganic substrates (H2S, NH4, NH4 …)

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17
Q

What do you know about phototrophs?

A

Radiant energy from the sun (light)
photo = photosynthesis

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of energy in Sources of Carbon?

A

Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

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19
Q

What do you know about autotrophs?

A

Atmospheric CO2 (i.e. from the AIR)

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20
Q

What do you know about heterotrophs?

A

Organic compounds such as Sugars, Fats, Amino-Acids and proteins

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21
Q

What do you get when combining Energy and Carbon? (name all combinations)

A

you get different nutritional modes:
- Photoautotrophs
- Photoheterotrophs
- Chemoautotrophs
- Chemoheterotrophs

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22
Q

What do you know about photoautotrophs?

A

Most plants, some prokaryotes, and some
protists
= Energy from the sun, carbon from atmospheric CO2

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23
Q

What do you know about photoheterotrophs?

A

Energy from the sun, carbon in organic form =
organic carbon (i.e. other living or things)

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24
Q

What do you know about chemoautotrophs?

A

Energy from chemical bonds (organic or
inorganic compounds), carbon from atmospheric CO2

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25
Q

What do you know about Chemoheterotrophs?

A

Energy from chemical bonds (organic or
inorganic compounds), carbon in organic form =
organic carbon (i.e. other living or things)

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26
Q

Which nutritional mode can only be prokaryotes?

A

Photoheterotrophs & chemoautotrophs

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27
Q

Which one is all animals and fungi?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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28
Q

Which one is mostly plants?

A

Photoautotrophs

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29
Q

Prokaryotic metabolism also varies with
respect to WHAT?

A

to oxygen

30
Q

What are the 3 different metabolisms concerning oxygen?

A
  • Obligate aerobes
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Obligate anaerobes
31
Q

Which prokaryotic metabolism is Poisoned by O2?

A

Obligate anaerobes

32
Q

Which one will use O2 if present but can also grow by fermentation?

A

Facultative anaerobes
= Can grow with or without air

33
Q

Which one REQUIRES O2 for cellular respiration?

A

Obligate aerobes

34
Q

Through which process do prokaryote cells reproduce?

A

Binary fission

35
Q

What is the result of Binary fission?

A

Each daughter cell receives a copy of the parental DNA

36
Q

Is it more similar to mitosis or meiosis?

A

Mitosis

37
Q

Some bacteria can survive hostile conditions by
producing WHAT?

A

endospores

38
Q

What are endospores? (main function)

A
  • remain dormant and can hydrate and revive in more hospitable conditions
39
Q

How are you able to kill endospores

A

Heat at high temperatures 120ºC

40
Q

Name all 5 varieties of shapes in Domain Archaea

A
  • rods
  • cocci
  • spirilla
  • filaments
  • square
41
Q

We say that many groupings within Archaea are Extremophiles, what does this mean?

A

typically found in extreme environments

42
Q

Name all 3 types of extremophiles

A
  • methanogens
  • Extreme Halophiles
  • Extreme Themophiles
43
Q

What are Methanogens?

A

Found in anaerobic environments, releases methane as a waste product of cellular metabolism. (maybe in mud, lakes, swamps (areas where it lacks Oxygen) + some in intestinal tracts of animals)

44
Q

Relate definition to correct type:
(a) grow in hot environments (45 to 104ºC). Found in deep-sea vent areas and hot springs

(b) Found in the Dead Sea and other extremely saline (salty) lakes

A

(a) Extreme Thermophiles
(b) Extreme Halophiles

45
Q

How does Domain Archaea differ from Bacteria? (3 main characteristics)

A

1) lack of peptidoglycan in CW
2) cell membranes differ
3) DNA and RNA structures differed from those of Bacteria

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
*No archaea are known to cause disease in humans

A

TRUE

47
Q

Name 3 cell shapes

A

i) sphere (cocci)
ii) rods (bacilli)
iii) spirals (spirilla)

48
Q

Name 3 colony shapes

A

i) strepto (chain)
ii) staphylo (clumps)
iii) spirilla (squiggly/spiral)

49
Q

Where do you find/locate DNA in prokaryotes?

A

located in the cytoplasm; not surrounded by a membrane in the nucleoid region

50
Q

Most bacteria also have 1 or more plasmid(s), what are they?

A

smaller circular fragments of DNA

51
Q

Do they carry genes essential for survival?

A

NO, they do not

52
Q

Plasmids can be transferred b/w bacterial cells through what process?

A

Conjugation

53
Q

What is specifically conjugation?

A
  • bacterial “ sex ” transfers genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined
    => - the transfer of DNA between cells in physical contact (via sexual pilus)
54
Q

If plasmids are not essential to survival, why carry plasmids in addition to the main genome?

A

Plasmids constitute an extra pool of genes for a
population (Comes in useful only in special situations)

55
Q

Plasmids carrying antibiotic-resistance genes enable bacteria to do what?

A

enable bacteria to evolve resistance rapidly (b/c bacteria multiplies quickly)

56
Q

What then happens to the resistant bacteria?

A

it spreads through direct contact with a person/animal with that infection

57
Q

What happens when an antibiotic is given?

A

it kills the sensitive bacteria

58
Q

Does it kill every bacteria?

A

NO, any resistant ones can survive and multiply.

59
Q

Many plasmids in bacteria contain genes for what?

A

for antibiotic resistance

60
Q

Antibiotic use creates selective pressure, favoring what? (2)

A

favoring the survival and reproduction of resistant bacteria

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Antibiotics cause resistance

A

FALSE, they don’T cause resistance

62
Q

They create an environment favorable for them, what does this mean?

A

where resistant bacteria thrive by killing non-resistant ones

63
Q

How do the resistance variants of bacteria come about?

A

they exist naturally or can arise through genetic mutations

64
Q

What is the MAJOR role of the bacteria?

A

they are decomposers (saprophytes)
so, decomposition of dead organic material + recycling of nutrients

65
Q

After the decomposers break down organic matter, what are the 2 next steps?

A

Minerals and other nutrients released into soil + plant growth

66
Q

What are symbionts?

A

2 organisms that live together (can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral)

67
Q

What is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship?

A

A mutualistic symbiotic relationship is when both animals benefit

68
Q

What do Herbivores eat?

A

they eat plants

69
Q

What do they contain in their CW?

A

Cellulose

70
Q

Do Herbivores produce enzymes?

A

NO, so they can’t breakdown cellulose

71
Q

So, what is needed to have the enzymes to break down cellulose?

A

House bacteria in their digestive system and the bacteria have the enzymes

72
Q
A

Biology🧪🌱💦 (21 decks)

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