Lecture 6 Flashcards
Name all 3 parts of the cell theory:
1) a cell is the smallest unit of life
2) new cells arise from pre-existing cells
3) cells make up all living things
Who is the English Physicist who use the word “cell”
Robert Hooke
Why did he call them cells?
cell = small rooms
Who built microscopes that magnified over 200 times?
Anton van Leewenhoek
Tell me the range of cell size
small: 8-100 um
1 metter is how many mm and um?
1 meter
1 000 mm
1 000 000 um
Why so small
if celle size is big, then metabolic needs are high too
Does the volume or surface increase at agreater rate?
it’s the volume that increases at a greater rate
Why is cell size limited?
because of requirements for homeostasis
Metabolic demandes are determines by what
and
Transport of materials is dertermined by what?
Volume
and
surface area (plasma membrane)
What does it mean if the cells are small?
lots of surface area
If volume increases, then what happens?
then cells needs increase too
Does surface area increase as much?
no
Name a couple of single cell organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, Protist (some)
Name a couple of many cell (multicellular) organisms
Protists, Plants, Fungi, animals
Eukaryote cells average around how many um?
10-100 um
All cells have 4 things, name them
membrane
ribosomes (protein synthesis)
cytoplasm (internal mass)
DNA (genetic info)
Which cell had their DNA sperate from the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells (DNA in a membrane bound nucleus)
Are prokaryotic cells between 10-100um?
NO, 1-10um
Name an organelle which helps a prokaryotic cell maintain it’s shape that eukarytic cells don’T have
Celle wall and Capsule (very strong and resists bursting)
In which Domain is the cell wall composed of protein and carb?
Domain bacteria
How do you call this layer?
peptidoglycan (protein + carb)
Is it cellulose?
NO
It’s used to classify organisms of the Domain Bacteria into 2
main categories, name them
Gram-positive cell wall & Gram-negative cell wall
Which one has a thick peptidoglycan layer?
Gram-positive cell wall
Which one has a outer membrane?
Gram-negative cell wall
Which one has 3 layers of different membranes?
Gram-negative cell wall
Name all the components of a Gram-positive cell wall
Thick peptidoglycan layer + plasma membrane (inner)
Name all the components of a Gram-negative cell wall
Outer Membrane (OM) +
Thin peptidoglycan layer + plasma membrane
Why is this important?
Because Gram staining is a valuable tool in medicine; we can check if infection is caused by a Gram + or - bacterium and use the proper antibiotic
Which is more difficult to kill and why?
Gram-negative b/c of the extra layer (protection against antibodies)
Some capsule of Prokaryotes produce a capsule, what are the 3 main functions?
1) protects from drying
2) helps to adhere/stick to things
3) protection from white blood cells
In Domain Archaea, what type of protein is associated with their DNA?
Histones (proteins) (like eukrayotes)
What is the “S” layer on cell surface?
glycosylated proteins
True or False
They have a cell wall
TRUE
True or False
They have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
FALSE
Peptidoglycan is present in which Domain?
Domain Bacteria (not in Archaea)
What are the 2 major categories of organelles?
Membranous organelles (surrounded by a membrane) or non membranous components (no membrane present)
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
Plasma membrane
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
cytoplasm
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
nucleus
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
cell wall
non membranous components
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
Golgi
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
Cilia, flagella
non membranous components
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
nucleolus
non membranous components
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
extracellular matrix
Membranous organelles or non membranous component
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
lysosomes, peroxisome
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
centrosome
non membranous components
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
cytoskeleton
non membranous components
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
mitochondria
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
ER
Membranous organelles
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
vacuoles
Membranous organelles or non membranous component
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
cell junctions
non membranous components
Membranous organelles or non membranous components
ribosomes
non membranous components
Membranous organelles includes:
Includes: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ER,
Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisome,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles
Non membranous components includes:
Includes: nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton,
centrosome, cilia, flagella, cell junctions, cell wall,
extracellular matrix
