Organelle Memorization

Question 1

organelles

Answer 1

specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes; perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Question 2

centrosome

Answer 2

pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar matrix

Question 3

centrioles

Answer 3

cylindrical structures, each composed of nine clusters of microtubular triplets arranged in a circular pattern

Question 4

cilia

Answer 4

motile cell surface projections that contains 20 microtubules and a basal body

Question 5

flagella

Answer 5

similar structure to cilia but much longer
moves an entire cell
only present in sperm

Question 6

ribosomes

Answer 6

composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins; may be free in cytosol or attached to rough ER

Question 7

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 7

a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules; extends from the nuclear envelope and projects throughout the cytoplasm

Question 8

rough ER

Answer 8

continuous with the nuclear membrane and usually is folded into a series of flattened sacs
has ribosomes on its surface
synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis

Question 9

smooth ER

Answer 9

extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules
does not have ribosomes on the surface
synthesizes fatty acids and steroids; detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances; stores and releases calcium ions, removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate

Question 10

function of Golgi complex

Answer 10

modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER; forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid; forms membrane vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane; forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles, such as lysosomes

Question 11

lysosomes

Answer 11

vesicle formed from Golgi complex; contains digestive enzymes

Question 12

peroxisomes

Answer 12

similar in structure to lysosomes but smaller; contain oxidases, enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances

Question 13

proteasomes

Answer 13

tiny barrel-shaped structures consisting of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core

Question 14

mitochondria

Answer 14

consists of an external and an internal mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial cristae, and mitochondrial matrix; new mitochondria form from preexisting ones

Question 15

nucleus

Answer 15

consists of a nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromosomes,, which exist as a tangled mass of chromatin in interphase cells

Question 16

nuclear envelope

Answer 16

a double membrane that separates that nucleus from the cytoplasm

Question 17

nuclear pores

Answer 17

openings that extend through the nuclear envelope

Question 18

nucleoli

Answer 18

spherical bodies within the nucleus that function in producing ribosomes

Question 19

plasma membrane

Answer 19

fluid mosaic lipid bilayer (phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids) studded with proteins; surrounds cytoplasm

Question 20

function of plasma membrane

Answer 20

protects cellular contents; makes contact with other cells; contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-identity markers, and linker proteins; mediates entry and exit of substances

Question 21

cytoplasm

Answer 21

cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus - cytosol and organelles

Question 22

function of cytoplasm

Answer 22

site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus

Question 23

cytosol

Answer 23

composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, and glycogen granules

Question 24

function of cytosol

Answer 24

fluid in which many of cell’s metabolic reactions occur

Question 25

cytoskeleton

Answer 25

a network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 26

function of cytoskeleton

Answer 26

maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cell movements

Question 27

function of centrosome

Answer 27

the pericentriolar matrix contains tubulins, which are used for growth of mitotic spindle and microtubule formation

Question 28

function of cilia

Answer 28

moves fluids over cell’s surface

Question 29

function of ribosomes

Answer 29

protein synthesis

Question 30

Golgi complex

Answer 30

consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called saccules; structurally and functionally divided into entry face, medial saccules, and trans face

Question 31

function of lysosomes

Answer 31

fuses with and digests contents of endosomes, phagosomes, and vesicles formed during bulk-phase endocytosis and transports final products of digestion into cytosol; digests worn-out organelles (autophagy), entire cells (autolysis), and extracellular materials

Question 32

function of peroxisomes

Answer 32

oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids; detoxifies harmful substances, such as alcohol and hydrogen peroxide and associated free radicals

Question 33

function of proteasomes

Answer 33

degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting them into small peptides

Question 34

function of mitochondria

Answer 34

site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP; plays an important early role in apoptosis

Question 35

function of nucleus

Answer 35

nuclear pores control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm, nucleoli produce ribosomes, and chromosomes consist of genes that control cellular structure and direct cellular functions