Anatomy Lab Exercise 9 Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
axial skeleton
composed of 80 bones located along a vertical line, the longitudinal axis of the body
its bone support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and torso
appendicular skeleton
composed of 126 bones that make up the upper limbs, lower limbs, and the bones of the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
parts of the axial skeleton
skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and ear ossicles
cranial cavity bones
form the cranial cavity that harbors and protects the brain and houses organs of hearing and equilibrium
facial bones
provide the shape of the face, house the teeth, and provide attachments for all the muscles of facial expression
major features of the skull
sutures, orbit of eye, bone markings, paranasal sinuses, nasal septum, hard palate, and fontanels in the fetal skull
cranial cavity bones
parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
2 parietal bones
superior lateral walls of cranial cavity
2 temporal bones
inferior lateral walls; house organs of inner ear
frontal bone
anterior portion of cranial cavity
occipital bone
posterior wall and part of cranial cavity floor
sphenoid bone
floor of cranial cavity posterior to ethmoid
ethmoid bone
anterior portion of cranial cavity floor
sutures
immovable joints between bones of the skull; coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
coronal suture
joins frontal and parietal bones
sagittal suture
joins parietal bones
lambdoid suture
joins both parietal bones with occipital bone
2 squamous sutures
join temporal and parietal bones
facial bones
14 facial bones,, 6 paired, 2 single
2 maxillae bones
fused upper jaw bones
2 zygomatic bones
cheek bones
2 lacrimal bones
portion of orbit of eyes near nasal bones
2 nasal bones
bridge of nose
2 inferior nasal conchae
forms posterior lateral walls of nasal cavity
2 palatine bones
fused bones that form posterior part of hard palate
mandible bone
lower jaw bone
vomer
inferior portion of nasal septum
orbit of the eye bones
3 cranial cavity bones: frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid), 4 facial bones (maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, and palatine)
supraorbital foramina
located on the frontal bone, 1 opening located above the orbit of each eye for supraorbital nerve and artery
supraorbital ridges or margins
located on the frontal bone, thickening of frontal bone superior to orbit of each eye
external acoustic (auditory) meatus
located on the temporal bones, tube-like opening for the ear canal
mastoid process
located on the temporal bones, rounded projection posterior to external acoustic meatus; attachment for muscles
styloid process
located on the temporal bones, long thin, projection on inferior skull surface; attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck
zygomatic process
located on the temporal bones; projection that articulates with the zygomatic bone
mandibular fossa
located on the temporal bones; depression for articulation with condylar process
foramen lacerum
located on the temporal bones; jagged opening filled with cartilage in a living person
carotid foramen
located on the temporal bones; foramen for internal carotid artery
jugular foramen
located on the temporal bones; foramen for jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI
stylomastoid foramen
located on the temporal bones; opening for an artery and cranial nerve VII
internal acoustic (auditory) meatus
located on the temporal bones; opening for cranial nerve VIII
fissure
narrow slit or cleft in a bone; opening for blood vessels and nerves
foramen
opening or hole (foramina, pl.), opening for blood vessels and nerves
fossa
shallow depression (fossae, pl.), muscle attachment or articulation (joint)
meatus
tube-like passageway or opening (meati, pl.), passageway or canal for blood vessels and nerves
condyle
smooth rounded articular process
ramus
a small branch for articulation
spine
pointed process for articulation
foramen magnum
opening through which spinal cord connects to lower brain
hypoglossal foramina
openings for cranial nerves XII
occipital condyles
rounded processes that articulate with the atlas
external occipital protuberance
projection at base of skull posterior to foramen magnum
cribriform plates
one on either side of crista galli; form roof of nasal cavity
crista galli
projection for attachment of membranes covering brain
olfactory foramina
tiny holes in cribriform plate for cranial nerve I
perpendicular plate
forms superior part of nasal septum
superior nasal conchae
scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity
middle nasal conchae
scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity
foramina ovale
openings for mandibular branch of cranial nerve V
foramina rotundum
openings for maxillary branch of cranial nerve V
sella turcica
bony projection that surrounds and protects pituitary gland
greater and lesser wings
form anterior and lateral floor of cranial cavity
optic foramina
openings for cranial nerve II
inferior orbital fissures
openings for blood vessels and nerves
superior orbital fissures
openings for blood vessels and cranial nerves III. IV, V, and VI (ophthalmic branch)
pterygoid processes (medial and lateral)
wing-like projections on the base of the skull in the middle section of the sphenoid bone
alveoli
tooth sockets
palatine process
fused processes that form the anterior part of hard palate
body of mandible
curved, anterior portion of mandible
mental foramina
openings in chin for nerves and blood vessels
rami
posterior branches, one on either side of the body of mandible
condylar processes (mandibular condyles)
rounded processes on rami that articulate with temporal bone at the mandibular fossa to form the TMJ
coronoid processes
triangular projections of rami anterior to the condylar processes
lacrimal fossa
canal that houses lacrimal sac; formed from the maxilla and lacrimal bone
temporal process
projects posteriorly; temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone form the zygomatic arch
paranasal sinuses
cavities line with mucous membranes that are located near and have openings into the nasal cavities
the ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid bones contain paranasal sinuses
nasal septum
comprised of 2 bones and cartilage
the vomer is inferior to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
the septal cartilage is anterior to these bones
hard palate
the roof of the mouth
formed by the fusion of 4 bones
2 palatine processes of the maxillary bones and 2 palatine bones
fontanel
soft spots on a newborn skull made of fibrous connective tissue
allows the cranial cavity bones to compress during birth and permit rapid growth of the brain and skull during the early years
vertebral column
a flexible structure that can be bent, twisted, rotated, especially in the cervical region
consists of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and coccyx
5 regions of the vertebral column
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1), coccygeal (1)
body of vertebra
located anteriorly; the largest part of the vertebra
pedicle of vertebra
attached to and extends posteriorly on either side of the body
transverse process of vertebra
extends laterally from each pedicle
lamina of vertebra
connects transverse processes to the spinous process
spinous process of vertebra
projects posteriorly from fused lamina
vertebral arch
formed by the fusion of pedicles and laminae
vertebral foramen
large opening formed by the vertebral arch that protects the spinal cord
superior and anterior articular processes with facets of vertebra
extend from the vertebra at the junction of the pedicle and lamina to articulate with a superior and inferior vertebra, respectively
