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anatomy > Chapter 12 A&P HW > Flashcards

Chapter 12 A&P HW Flashcards

1
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Does the somatic nervous system control voluntary or involuntary actions?

A

voluntary

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3
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system control voluntary or involuntary actions?

A

involuntary

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4
Q

Does the enteric nervous system control voluntary or involuntary actions?

A

involuntary

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5
Q

What does integration do?

A

processes information by analyzing it and deciding upon an appropriate response

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6
Q

What are some functions of the nervous system?

A

detecting stimuli, processing information, sending responses to muscles or glands

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7
Q

Is gray matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

unmyelinated

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8
Q

Is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

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9
Q

What is the other name for myelin sheath gaps?

A

node of Ranvier

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10
Q

What are sensory impulses carried to the central nervous system by?

A

afferent neurons

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11
Q

What is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

nucleus

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12
Q

What type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells?

A

gray matter

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13
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

a small deviation from resting membrane potential that occurs because ligand-gated or mechanically-gated channels open or close

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14
Q

What causes a resting nerve fiber to be polarized?

A

the concentration of Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

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15
Q

What type of communication are graded potentials used for?

A

localized and short duration

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16
Q

What type of channel allows for more potassium to exit the neuron and helps in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

A

leak channel

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17
Q

Which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?

A

nerve action potential

18
Q

What is the difference in electrical charges on either side of the cell membrane called?

A

membrane potential

19
Q

Movement of ions through an open channel is due to what?

A

diffusion

20
Q

What is the membrane transport protein that uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient called?

A

pump

21
Q

True or false: to establish and maintain resting membrane potential, more potassium ions move out of the cell than sodium ions move into the cell

A

true

22
Q

What is it called when the inside of the membrane becomes less negative?

A

the membrane potential is depolarized

23
Q

What principle states that a stimulus either causes an action potential or does not cause an action potential?

A

all-or-none principle

24
Q

What happens when the accumulation of graded potentials in the trigger zone reaches threshold?

A

voltage-gated channels open

25
Q

True or false: the depolarization of one area of the cell membrane provides enough positive charge to cause neighboring voltage-gated channels to reach threshold allowing the action potential to spread across the membrane

A

true

26
Q

What maintains resting membrane potential?

A

leak channels and sodium-potassium pumps

27
Q

What results in the depolarization of the cell membrane?

A

voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel the negative charges on the inside of the membrane

28
Q

Does the voltage diminish with distance in a graded potential?

A

yes

29
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

30
Q

Why are N+/K+-ATPase pumps considered to be an electrogenic pump?

A

they contribute to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

31
Q

Where do graded potentials typically occur?

A

dendrites and cell body

32
Q

What does a depolarizing graded potential do?

A

makes the membrane less polarized

33
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

K+ flows out of the cell

34
Q

How does size affect the speed of conduction of action potentials?

A

the larger the diameter of axons, the faster conduction of action potentials

35
Q

How does temperature affect the speed of conduction of action potentials?

A

warmer temperatures allow for faster conduction

36
Q

How does more stimuli affect action potentials?

A

increasing application of stimuli increases frequency of action potentials

37
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

step-by-step depolarization and repolarization of each adjacent segment of the axolemma

38
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

the impulse jumps from each node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier

39
Q

How does myelination affect the speed of propagation of action potentials?

A

myelination increases the speed

40
Q

How can the nervous system distinguish between a light and heavy touch?

A

the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers is changing

anatomy (22 decks)

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