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anatomy > Anatomy Lecture Ch 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Ch 3 Flashcards

The Cellular Level of Organization

1
Q

plasma membrane

A

cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment from the external environment
selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell
communication between cells and external environment

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; cytosol and organelles contained within

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3
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid portion of cytoplasm; contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

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4
Q

nucleus

A

a large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA

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5
Q

chromosome

A

a single molecule of DNA

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6
Q

genes

A

hereditary units that control most aspects of cellular structure and function

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7
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of many different proteins

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8
Q

lipid bilayer

A

two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

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9
Q

phosphoplipid

A

about 75% of the membrane lipids
contain phosphorus

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10
Q

cholesterol

A

a steroid with an attached OH group

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11
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

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12
Q

amphipathic

A

lipids have both polar and nonpolar parts

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13
Q

integral proteins

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it

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14
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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15
Q

peripheral proteins

A

not as firmly embedded in the membrane
attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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16
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid

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17
Q

glycocalyx

A

an extensive sugary coat formed by the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

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18
Q

ion channels

A

pores or holes formed by integral proteins that specific ions can flow through to get into or out of the cell
most ion channels only allow a single type of ion to pass through

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19
Q

carriers

A

some integral proteins act as carriers and selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other

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20
Q

receptors

A

cellular recognition sites
each type of receptor recognizes and binds a specific type of molecule

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21
Q

ligand

A

a specific molecule that binds to a receptor

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22
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze specific chemical reactions

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23
Q

linkers

A

anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell

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24
Q

cell-identity markers

A

enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells
blood types are a form of cell-identity markers

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25
Q

concentration gradient

A

a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane

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26
Q

electrical gradient

A

a different in electrical charges between two regions

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27
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion

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28
Q

passive transport processes

A

a substance moves down its concentration gradient
moves from higher to lower concentration
uses only the cell’s kinetic energy

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29
Q

active transport processes

A

cellular energy is used to drive the substance against its concentration or electrical gradient
moves from lower to higher concentration
requires ATP

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30
Q

vesicles

A

tiny, spherical membrane sacs used into transport

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31
Q

diffusion

A

a passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles’ kinetic energy

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32
Q

simple diffusion

A

a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins

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33
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

used with solutes that are too polar or highly charged
an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane
the integral membrane proteins can either form a channel or act as a carrier

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34
Q

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel

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35
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

a carrier moves a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
this is a passive process so no cellular energy is required

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36
Q

osmosis

A

a type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
passive process

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37
Q

aquaporins (AQPs)

A

integral membrane proteins that function as water channels
play a critical role in controlling the water content of cells

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38
Q

osmotic pressure

A

proportionate to the concentration of the solute particles that cannot cross the membrane
the higher the solute concentration, the higher the solution’s osmotic pressure

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39
Q

tonicity

A

a measure of the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

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40
Q

isotonic solution

A

any solution in which a cell maintains it normal shape and volume

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41
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the RBCs

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42
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of RBCs

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43
Q

lysis

A

the rupture of other type of cells due to placement in a hypotonic solution

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44
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher concentration of solutes than does the cytosol inside RBCs

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45
Q

crenation

A

shrinkage of cells when placed in a hypertonic solution

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46
Q

active transport

A

energy is required for carrier proteins to move solutions across the membrane against a concentration gradient

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47
Q

primary active transport

A

energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier proteins which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

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48
Q

secondary active transport

A

the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients

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49
Q

pumps

A

carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport

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50
Q

symporters

A

transporters that move two substances in the same direction

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51
Q

antiporters

A

transporters that move two substances in opposite directions

52
Q

endocytosis

A

materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
requires ATP

53
Q

exocytosis

A

materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell
requires ATP

54
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands
binding, vesicle formation, uncoating, fusion with endosome, recycling of receptors to plasma membrane, degradation in lysosomes

55
Q

phagocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses

56
Q

phagocytes

A

cells that are able to carry out phagocytosis

57
Q

pseudopods

A

projections of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the phagocyte

58
Q

phagosome

A

vesicle used in phagocytosis

59
Q

pinocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up
no receptor proteins involved

60
Q

transcytosis

A

transport in vesicles to move substances into, across, and out of a cell
active process
undergo endocytosis, move across the cell, undergo exocytosis on the opposite side
occurs most often in endothelial cells that line blood vessels

61
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol

62
Q

microfilaments

A

the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton
composed of the proteins actin of myosin and are most prevalent at the edge of the cell
help generate movement
provide mechanical support

63
Q

microvilli

A

nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane

64
Q

intermediate filaments

A

thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules
found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress; help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus and help attach cells to one another

65
Q

microtubules

A

the largest of the cytoskeletal components; long, unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin
help determine cell shape; function in the movement of organelles such as secretory vesicles, of chromosomes during cell division, and of specialized cell projections, such as cilia and flagella

66
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes; perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction

67
Q

pericentriolar matrix

A

contains hundreds or ring-shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin

68
Q

saccules

A

small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges

69
Q

convex entry face

A

a saccule that faces the rough ER

70
Q

concave exit face

A

a saccule that faces the plasma membrane

71
Q

intermediate saccules

A

sacs between the entry and exit faces

72
Q

transfer vesicles

A

bud from the edges of the saccules and move specific enzymes back toward the entry face and move some partially modified proteins toward the exit face

73
Q

secretory vesicles

A

deliver the proteins to the plasma membrane, where they are discharged by exocytosis into the extracellular fluid

74
Q

membrane vesicles

A

deliver their contents to the plasma membrane for incorporation into the membrane

75
Q

autophagy

A

the process by which entire worn-out organelles are digested

76
Q

autophagosome

A

the organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane derived from the ER to create a vesicle called an autophagosome

77
Q

autolysis

A

the destruction of an entire cell

78
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA

79
Q

genome

A

total genetic information carried in a cell of an organism

80
Q

nucleosome

A

“beads” on the string of chromatin that consist of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins

81
Q

histone

A

a core of eight proteins which help organize the coiling and folding of DNA

82
Q

linker DNA

A

the string between the beads of chromatin that holds adjacent nucleosomes together

83
Q

chromatin fiber

A

coiling of nucleosomes that folds into larger loops

84
Q

chromatids

A

a pair of DNA fibers that form a chromosome

85
Q

proteome

A

all of an organism’s proteins

86
Q

gene expression

A

a process in which a gene’s DNA is use as a template for synthesis of a specific protein

87
Q

base triplet

A

genetic information stores as sets of three nucleotides

88
Q

codon

A

complementary sequence of three nucleotides

89
Q

genetic code

A

the set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify

90
Q

transcription

A

occurs in the nucleus; the genetic information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence of codons

91
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

directs the synthesis of a protein

92
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

93
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

binds to an ammino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation

94
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transcription of DNA

95
Q

terminator

A

special nucleotide sequence that specifies the end of a gene

96
Q

translation

A

an mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome; the mRNA nucleotide sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

97
Q

polyribosome

A

several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA

98
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of the body other than sex cell

99
Q

germ cell

A

a gamete or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete

100
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division involving the distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei

101
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes that make up each of the 23 pairs

102
Q

diploid cells

A

contain 2 sets of chromosomes; somatic cells

103
Q

interphase

A

when a cell is not dividing; consists of G1, G2 and S phases; chromosomes are not visible under light microscope

104
Q

G1 phase

A

metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components; replication of chromosomes begins

105
Q

G0 phase

A

cells that remain in G1 for a very long time, perhaps never divide again; most nerve cells are in G0

106
Q

S phase

A

interval between G1 and G2; replication of DNA and centrosomes

107
Q

G2 phase

A

cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue; replication of centrosomes complete

108
Q

mitotic phase

A

results in the formation of two identical cells, consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form two identical cells

109
Q

prophase

A

chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear; each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell

110
Q

metaphase

A

centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate

111
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres split; identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

112
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; chromosomes resume chromatin form; mitotic spindle disappears

113
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division; contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portions

114
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a slight indentation of the plasma membrane

115
Q

necrosis

A

a pathological type of cell death that results from tissue injury

116
Q

meiosis

A

reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

117
Q

haploid cells

A

gametes; contain a single set of 23 chromosomes

118
Q

meiosis I

A

begins once chromosomal replication is complete, consists of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I

119
Q

prophase I

A

same as mitotic prophase with addition of two events; two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes pair off which is call synapsis; parts of the chromatids of two homologous chromosomes may be exchanged with one another in crossing-over

120
Q

genetic recombination

A

crossing-over results in a new combination of genes

121
Q

metaphase I

A

tetrads line up along the metaphase plate

122
Q

anaphase I

A

members of each homologous pair of chromosomes separate as they are pulled to opposite poles of the cells by the microtubules attached to the centromeres; paired chromatids remain together

123
Q

telophase I

A

similar to mitotic telophase

124
Q

meiosis II

A

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II; centromeres split, sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

125
Q

telomeres

A

specific DNA sequences found at the tips of each chromosome; protect the tips of chromosomes from erosion and from sticking to one another

anatomy (22 decks)

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