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anatomy > Anatomy Lecture Ch 5 Review Questions > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Ch 5 Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

regulate body temperature, store blood, protect body from external environment, detect cutaneous sensations, excrete and absorb substances, synthesize vitamin D

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2
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

what percent of epidermal cells are keratinocytes?

A

90%

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4
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

keratin- a protein

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5
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals

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6
Q

What do lamellar granules do?

A

release a waterproofing agent

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7
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

melanin, everyone has the same number of melanocytes but they make different levels of melanin

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8
Q

What are the functions of melanocytes besides producing melanin?

A

long thin projections transfer melanin granules to the keratinocytes

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9
Q

What are the functions of melanin?

A

skin color, absorbing damaging UV light

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10
Q

Who discovered intraepidermal/intraepithelial macrophages?

A

Langerhans

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11
Q

Where are intraepidermal macrophages derived?

A

red bone marrow

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12
Q

What is the function of intraepidermal macrophages?

A

microbial immune response

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13
Q

Where are tactile epithelial cells located?

A

in the deepest layers of the epidermis

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14
Q

What are the functions of tactile epithelial cells?

A

sensation and touch through tactile/contact discs

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15
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum. stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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16
Q

What does the stratum basale do?

A

contains the stem cells, germinating layer

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17
Q

What happens if the stratum basale is destroyed?

A

a skin graft is required

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18
Q

What are the three types of skin grafts?

A

Autograft, isograft, allograft

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19
Q

Where is healthy skin taken from in an autograft?

A

A healthy portion of the injured individual

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20
Q

Where is healthy skin taken from in an isograft?

A

an identical twin

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21
Q

Where is healthy skin taken from in an allograft?

A

A genetically non-identical individual, this is rare

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22
Q

What is the stratum spinosum comprised of?

A

intermediate filament bundles that insert into desmosomes, some melanocytes, some Langerhans cells

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23
Q

What does the stratum spinosum do?

A

provide strength and flexibilty

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24
Q

What is the stratum granulosum made of?

A

transition between deep, living cells and dead cells. dark staining granules of keratohyalin, lamellar granules

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25
Q

What does keratohyalin do?

A

bundles intermediate filaments into stronger bundles

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26
Q

What do lamellar granules do?

A

lipid/fat secretion, retards water loss from cells, blocks foreign materials using oils

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27
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum present?

A

only in thick skin areas- fingertips, palms of hands, soles of feet

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28
Q

What is the stratum lucidum made of?

A

densely packed layers of dead keratinocytes

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29
Q

Does the stratum corneum contain lamellar granules?

A

yes

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30
Q

What causes callusing?

A

Constant friction to the stratum corneum resulting in an abnormal thickening of the epidermis

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31
Q

What happens during keratinization and growth of the epidermis?

A

cells move toward superficial, cell contents replaced with keratin, governed by growth factors

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32
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

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33
Q

What is contained in the papillary dermis?

A

dermal papilla; corpuscles of touch; nerve endings for heat, cold, pain, tickle, and pinch

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34
Q

what is contained in the reticular dermis?

A

hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

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35
Q

what is the reticular dermis composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue containing collage and elastin which provides strength and elasticity

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36
Q

what are epidermal ridges?

A

fingerprints and footprints, ridges that reflect contours of the underlying dermis

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37
Q

what is the purpose of epidermal ridges?

A

increased friction for better grasping

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38
Q

What 3 pigments affect skin color?

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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39
Q

what does melanin do in relation to skin color?

A

brown pigment made by melanocytes, organelle melanosomes produces melanin in response to UV light

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40
Q

what is carotene?

A

yellow orange pigment that resides in the stratum basale

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41
Q

what does hemoglobin do in relation to skin color?

A

pink pigment going through blood vessels in the dermis

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42
Q

what enzyme is lacked in albinism patients?

A

tyrosinase

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43
Q

what does tyrosinase do?

A

necessary to convert tyrosine to melanin, tyrosine is the basis for melanin

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44
Q

what causes vitiligo?

A

complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

45
Q

what is cyanosis?

A

blue skin due to oxygen depravation

46
Q

what is jaundice?

A

yellow skin due to high bilirubin, liver disease, low liver function

47
Q

what is erythema?

A

redness due to injury/irritation

48
Q

what is pallor?

A

paleness of skin, best assessed in nailbeds or gums

49
Q

what causes acne?

A

inflammation of sebaceous (oil) glands due to increased sebum production and infection

50
Q

where are sebaceous glands located?

A

lips, glans penis, labia minora, tarsal glands, small in trunk and limbs, absent in palms and soles

51
Q

what layer of the skin are sebaceous glands located in?

A

dermis, mostly connected to hair follicles

52
Q

what is sebum made of?

A

mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts

53
Q

what is the function of sebum?

A

prevents hair from drying out, prevents water loss from skin, keeps skin soft, inhibits growth of some bacteria

54
Q

when are sebaceous glands active?

A

mostly starting during puberty

55
Q

where are eccrine sweat glands located?

A

throughout the skin of most regions of the body, especially the forehead, palms, and soles

56
Q

what layer of the skin are eccrine glands located?

A

mostly in deep dermis, sometimes in upper subcutaneous layers, surface of epidermis

57
Q

what type of sweat do eccrine glands produce?

A

perspiration consisting of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid

58
Q

what do eccrine sweat glands do?

A

regulate body temperature, waste removal, stimulated during emotional stress

59
Q

when are eccrine sweat glands activated?

A

soon after birth

60
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

skin of axillae (armpits), groin, areolae, bearded regions of race, clitoris, and labia minora

61
Q

what layer of the skin are apocrine sweat glands located in?

A

mostly in deep dermis and upper subcutaneous layers, around hair follicles

62
Q

what type of sweat do apocrine sweat glands produce?

A

the same type as eccrine sweat glands with the addition of lipids and proteins

63
Q

when are apocrine sweat glands stimulated?

A

during emotional stress and sexual excitement

64
Q

when are apocrine sweat glands first activated?

A

puberty

65
Q

what are the principle purposes of sweat?

A

regulation of body temperature and waste removal

66
Q

where are ceruminous glands located?

A

external auditory canal

67
Q

what layer of skin are ceruminous glands located in?

A

subcutaneous layers

68
Q

what do ceruminous glands produce?

A

cerumen/ear wax

69
Q

what is the purpose of cerumen?

A

impede entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal, waterproof canal, prevent microbes from entering cells

70
Q

when are ceruminous glands activated?

A

soon after birth

71
Q

how does the skin thermoregulate?

A

sweat and blood flow changes

72
Q

What does constriction of blood vessels do in thermoregulation?

A

response to cold

73
Q

what does dilation of blood vessels do in thermoregulation?

A

response to overheating

74
Q

what percent of the total blood is located in the dermal region of the skin?

A

8-10%, can be redirected to general circulation when needed

75
Q

what does the skin protect from?

A

UV light, bacteria, physical abrasion, dehydration

76
Q

what does absorption of lipid soluble materials through the skin allow for?

A

steroids to work on allergic reactions, transdermal drug administration

77
Q

how does the skin synthesize vitamin D?

A

precursor molecules of vitamin D are activated by UV rays to become the active form of vitamin D

78
Q

how are epidermal wounds healed?

A

enlargement and migration of basal cells and division of migrating and stationary basal cells, under direction of epidermal growth factor

79
Q

when is deep wound healing necessary?

A

when an injury extends to tissues deep to the epidermis

80
Q

what is fibrosis?

A

scar formation

81
Q

what are the phases of deep wound healing?

A

inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation

82
Q

what occurs during the inflammatory phase of deep wound healing?

A

epithelial cells migrate across the wound, a blood clot unites the wound edges, phagocytes and fibroblasts enter the wound site

83
Q

what occurs during the migratory phase of deep wound healing?

A

epithelial cells beneath the scab bridge the wound, fibroblasts begin scar tissue, damaged blood vessels begin to grow

84
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase?

A

the events of the migratory phase intensify

85
Q

what happens during the maturation phase?

A

scab sloughs off, collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number, blood vessels return to normal

86
Q

Which layer of the skin is known as the subcutaneous layer?

A

hypodermis

87
Q

Which layer of the skin are the pigment-producing cells located in?

A

stratum basale

88
Q

What type of tissues make up the hypodermis?

A

areolar and adipose

89
Q

What do lamellar corpuscles sense?

A

pressure

90
Q

What are the 4 main cell types of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic, tactile epithelial

91
Q

What is the stratum basale composed of?

A

a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

92
Q

What is the stratum spinosum composed of?

A

numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers

93
Q

What does the stratum granulosum consist of?

A

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis (cell death)

94
Q

What is the stratum lucidum composed of?

A

4-6 layers of flattened, clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

95
Q

What does the stratum corneum consist of?

A

on average 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes, but can range in thickness from a few cells in thin skin to 50 or more cell layers in thick skin

96
Q

What are the 3 layers of hair?

A

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

97
Q

Where is the pigment of hair contained?

A

medulla

98
Q

What part of the hair is responsible for cell division?

A

hair matrix

99
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

a smooth muscle that extends from the papillary dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the base of the hair follicle

100
Q

What does the arrector pili muscle do?

A

pulls the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface causing goosebumps

101
Q

What are hair root plexuses?

A

dendrites of neurons that generate nerve impulses if the hair shaft is moved, touch sensitive

102
Q

What are the stages of the hair growth cycle?

A

growth, regression, resting

103
Q

What happens during the growth stage of hair growth?

A

cells of the hair matrix divide and the new cells are added to the base of the hair root, pushing the existing cells upward which eventually keratinize and die

104
Q

What happens during the regression stage of hair growth?

A

movement of the hair away from the blood supply in the papilla of the hair which results in the cells of the hair matrix to stop dividing, the hair follicle atrophies/shrinks, and the hair stops growing

105
Q

What happens in the resting stage of hair growth?

A

the old hair root falls out or is pushed out of the hair follicle, after this a new growth stage begins

106
Q

What is lanugo?

A

very fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus

107
Q

What are terminal hairs?

A

hairs that replace the lanugo of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp prior to birth; long, coarse, heavily pigmented

108
Q

What are vellus hairs?

A

peach fuzz, cover most of the body where there is not terminal hairs

109
Q
A

anatomy (23 decks)

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