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anatomy > Lecture Exam 3 Review Ch 12 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Review Ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and sensory receptors

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3
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs; emerge from the brain

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs; emerge from the spinal cord

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6
Q

sensory receptor

A

a structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal environment

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7
Q

sensory/afferent division of the PNS

A

conveys input into the CNS from sensory receptors in the body; provides the CNS with sensory information about the somatic senses (tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations) and special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium)

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8
Q

motor/efferent division of the PNS

A

conveys output from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands); further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

conveys output from the CNS to skeletal muscles only; voluntary

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

conveys output from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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11
Q

enteric plexus

A

branch of the ANS; extensive network of over 100 million neurons confined to the wall of the digestive canal; helps regulate the activity of the smooth muscle and glands of the digestive canal; can function independently but communicate with and are regulated by the other branches of the ANS

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12
Q

functions of the nervous system

A

sensory function, integrative function, motor function

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13
Q

sensory function

A

sensory receptors detect internal stimuli, such as an increase in blood pressure, or external stimuli, such as a raindrop landing on your arm; this sensory information is then carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves

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14
Q

integrative function

A

the nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses- an activity known as integration

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15
Q

motor function

A

once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors through cranial and spinal nerves; stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete

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16
Q

stimulus

A

any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate a nerve impulse

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17
Q

nerve impulse/action potential

A

an electrical signals that propagates along the surface of the membrane of a neuron

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18
Q

neuronal cell body

A

perikaryon/soma; contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical cellular organelles and free ribosomes and prominent clusters of rough ER

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19
Q

Nissl bodies

A

prominent clusters of rough ER

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20
Q

neurofibrils

A

bundles of intermediate filaments that provide the cell shape and support

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21
Q

microtubules

A

assist in moving materials between the cell body and axon

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22
Q

lipofuscin

A

a pigment in aging neurons that occurs as clumps of yellowish-brown granules in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

somatic spines

A

small projections of the plasma membrane that are receptor sites that band chemical messengers from other neurons

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24
Q

ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

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25
Q

nerve fiber

A

general term for any neuronal process that emerges from the cell body of a neuron

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26
Q

dendrites

A

receiving or input portions of a neuron

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27
Q

dendritic spines

A

receptor sites for binding chemical messengers from other neurons

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28
Q

axon

A

propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell

29
Q

axon hillock

A

cone-shaped elevation of the cell body that joins the axon

30
Q

initial segment/trigger zone

A

part of the axon closest to the axon hillock where the nerve impulses arise

31
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of an axon

32
Q

axolemma

A

plasma membrane of an axon

33
Q

axon collaterals

A

side branches of axon

34
Q

axon terminals

A

axon and its collaterals end by dividing into many fine processes

35
Q

synapse

A

site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

36
Q

synaptic end bulbs

A

the tips of some axon terminals that swell into bulb shaped structures

37
Q

varicosites

A

another string of swollen bumps that may be at the tips of axon terminals

38
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane-enclosed sacs that store neurotransmitters

39
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a molecule released from a synaptic vesicle that excites or inhibits another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell

40
Q

multipolar neurons

A

several dendrites and one axon

41
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one main dendrite and one axon

42
Q

unipolar

A

dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body

43
Q

sensory neurons

A

either contain sensory receptors at their distal ends or are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells; once an appropriate stimulus activates a sensory receptor, the sensory neuron forms a nerve impulse in its axon and the nerve impulse is conveyed into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves

44
Q

motor neurons

A

convey nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors in the PNS through cranial or spinal nerves

45
Q

interneurons

A

mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons; integrate incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons

46
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped cells with many processes that form the blood-brain barrier and maintain the neuronal chemical environment

47
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain the myelin sheath in the CNS

48
Q

myelin sheath

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

49
Q

microglial cells

A

function as phagocytes

50
Q

ependymal cells

A

cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia; line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and produce and circulate CSF

51
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath in the PNS

52
Q

satellite cells

A

regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

53
Q

neurolemma

A

outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell that encloses the myelin sheath

54
Q

myelin sheath gaps

A

node of Ranvier

55
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

56
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons that is located in the CNS

57
Q

white matter

A

composed primarily of myelinated axons

58
Q

gray matter

A

contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

59
Q

graded potentials

A

short distance communication only; a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized (inside more negative) or less polarized (inside less negative)

60
Q

action potentials

A

allow communication over long distances; a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and then eventually restore it to the resting state

61
Q

membrane potential

A

an electrical potential difference (voltage) across the membrane

62
Q

resting membrane potential

A

membrane potential in excitable cells

63
Q

leak channels

A

gates randomly alternate between open and closed positions

64
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

open and close in response to the binding of a ligand/chemical stimulus

65
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

open or close in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration, touch, pressure, or tissue stretching

66
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

open in response to a change in membrane potential

67
Q

hyperpolarizing graded potential

A

response makes the membrane more polarized (inside more negative)

68
Q

depolarizing graded potential

A

response makes the membrane less polarized (inside less negative)

69
Q

threshold

A

anatomy (22 decks)

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