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anatomy > Anatomy Lecture Ch 4 Review Questions > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Ch 4 Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous

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2
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

covers body surfaces; lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts; forms glands; allows body to interact with internal and external environments

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3
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, helps provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms

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4
Q

What does muscular tissue do?

A

composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force which generates heat that warms the body

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5
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

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6
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination

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7
Q

What are cell juntions?

A

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

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8
Q

What are the five main types of cell junctions?

A

tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions

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9
Q

What is the structure of tight junctions?

A

consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins

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10
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

inhibit the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues

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11
Q

Where are tight junctions located?

A

stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder

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12
Q

What is the structure of adhering junctions?

A

contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

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13
Q

What are cadherins?

A

transmembrane glycoproteins that insert into the plaque of adhering junctions, partially crossing the intercellular space, and connects to cadherins of an adjacent cell

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14
Q

What are adhesion belts?

A

extensive zones formed from adhering junctions that encircle the cell

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15
Q

What do adhering junctions do?

A

help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, such as food moving through the intestines

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16
Q

What is the structure of desmosomes?

A

contain plaque and have cadherins that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another; plaque does not attach to microfilaments but instead to intermediate filaments

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17
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

the protein keratin

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18
Q

Where are desmosomes most common?

A

cells that make up the epidermis and among cardiac muscle cells

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19
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction

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20
Q

How are hemidesmosomes different from desmosomes?

A

they do not link adjacent cells

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21
Q

What are the transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes called?

A

integrins

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22
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

anchor cells to the basement membrane but not to one another

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23
Q

What is the structure of gap junctions?

A

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells

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24
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

allow ions and small molecules to diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another through connexons while preventing the passage of large molecules; allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with one another; enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells

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25
Q

How are cells arranged in epithelial tissue?

A

tightly packed with little or no extracellular matrix

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26
Q

How are cells arranged in connective tissue?

A

a large amount of extracellular matrix separates cells that are usually widely scattered

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27
Q

What are the differences in blood vessels between epithelial and connective tissue?

A

epithelial tissue has no blood vessels; connective tissues have significant networks of blood vessels which contain and distribute almost all the blood vessels in the body

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28
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

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29
Q

What are the two general types of epithelial tissue?

A

surface epithelium and glandular epithelium

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30
Q

What does surface epithelium do?

A

forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs and the inner lining of structures

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31
Q

Where is surface epithelium found besides the skin?

A

blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and genital systems

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32
Q

What does glandular epithelium do?

A

makes up the secreting portion of glands

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33
Q

Where is glandular epithelium found?

A

thyroid gland, suprarenal glands, sweat glands, digestive glands

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34
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

protects, secretes (mucus, hormones, enzymes), absorbs nutrients in the digestive canal, and excretes various substances in the urinary tract

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35
Q

Where is the apical surface of an epithelial cell located?

A

facing the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct

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36
Q

Where is the lateral surface of an epithelial cell located?

A

faces the adjacent cells on either side

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37
Q

What types of junctions do lateral surfaces of epithelial cells contain?

A

tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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38
Q

Where is the basal surface of epithelial cells located?

A

opposite of the apical surface

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39
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers

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40
Q

What are the two layers of the basement membrane?

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

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41
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

closest to, and secreted by, the epithelial cells, contains proteins such as laminin and collagen as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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42
Q

What do laminin molecules in the basal lamina do?

A

adhere to integrins in hemidesmosomes and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

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43
Q

What is reticular lamina?

A

closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by fibroblasts in connective tissue

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44
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

A

attaching to and anchoring the epithelium to its underlying connective tissue, forming a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing, restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue, and participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys

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45
Q

What happens when epithelial tissue combines with nervous tissue?

A

forms special organs for smell, hearing, vision, and touch

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of arrangements in cell layers?

A

simple epithelium, pseudostratified epithelium, stratified epithelium

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47
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A

a single layer of cells

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48
Q

What are the functions of simple epithelium?

A

diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, absorption

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49
Q

What is secretion?

A

the production and release of substances sch as mucus, sweat, or enzymes

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50
Q

What is absorption?

A

the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract

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51
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface; is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on the basement membrane

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52
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia, others secrete mucus

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53
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

two or more layers of cells

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54
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

A

protects underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

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55
Q

What are the 4 types of epithelial cell shapes?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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56
Q

What are squamous cells?

A

thin, flat cells which allow for the rapid passage of substances through them

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57
Q

What are cuboidal cells?

A

shaped like cubes or hexagons, may have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption

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58
Q

What are columnar cells?

A

shaped like columns, protect underlying tissues, apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli and are often specialized for secretion or absorption

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59
Q

What are transitional cells?

A

change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs of the urinary system such as the bladder stretch and collapse

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60
Q

What are the 4 major types of simple epithelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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61
Q

What are the two types of simple squamous epithelium?

A

endothelium which lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels and mesothelium which forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes

62
Q

What are the four types of stratified epithelium?

A

stratified squamous epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, urothelium/transitional epithelium

63
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelium?

A

secretion

64
Q

What is a gland?

A

consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts

65
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

66
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

67
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete hormones?

A

hormones enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct

68
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete?

A

using ducts that empty onto an epithelium that covers or line a surface, such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ

69
Q

What are the two classifications of exocrine glands?

A

unicellular and multicellular

70
Q

How are multicellular glands categorized?

A

whether their ducts are branched or unbranched and the shape of the secretory portions of the gland

71
Q

What are the 5 types of simple glands?

A

simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple acinar, simple branched acinar

72
Q

What are the 3 types of compound glands?

A

compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar

73
Q

How do merocrine glands work?

A

secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles vis exocytosis

74
Q

How do apocrine sweat glands work?

A

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell; that portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretion

75
Q

How do holocrine glands work?

A

the cells of holocrine glands accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol; as the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product

76
Q

What type of gland is a sebaceous gland?

A

holocrine gland

77
Q

What type of gland is a salivary gland?

A

merocrine

78
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A

binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles; serves as the major transport system within the body; contains and distributes almost all the blood vessels in the body; is the primary location of stored energy reserves; main source of immune responses

79
Q

What two materials make up the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A

protein fibers and ground substance

80
Q

What type of cells give rise to the cells of connective tissue?

A

mesenchymal cells

81
Q

What are immature cells in loose and dense connective tissue called?

A

fibroblasts

82
Q

What are immature cells in cartilage called?

A

chondroblasts

83
Q

What are immature cells in bone called?

A

osteoblasts

84
Q

What do -blast cells do?

A

retain the capacity for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix

85
Q

What are mature -cyte cells responsible for?

A

monitoring and maintaining the extracellular matrix

86
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

large, flat cells with branching processes present in all the general connective tissues

87
Q

What are macrophages?

A

phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell

88
Q

What are resting macrophages?

A

resides in a particular tissue

89
Q

What are wandering macrophages?

A

have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection of inflammation to carry on phagocytosis

90
Q

What are plasmocytes?

A

plasma cells

91
Q

What are mast cells/mastocytes?

A

involved in the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection, and can also bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria

92
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

connective tissue cells that store triglycerides/fats

93
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells; not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue but migrate into connective tissue in response to certain conditions

94
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

fibers made of collagen and glycoproteins that provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells

95
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A

strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in the body

96
Q

What is ground substance?

A

the material between cells and fibers that is made of water and organic molecules; supports cells and fibers, binds them together, and provides a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells

97
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection to destroy microbes by phagocytosis

98
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses

99
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

polysaccharides including hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate

100
Q

What do proteoglycans do?

A

form a core protein

101
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs

102
Q

What does chondroitin sulfate do?

A

provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

103
Q

Where is dermatan sulfate located?

A

skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves

104
Q

Where is keratan sulfate located?

A

bone, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye

105
Q

What do adhesion proteins do?

A

link components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells

106
Q

What does fibronectin do?

A

binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance, linking them together; also attaches cells to the ground substance

107
Q

What are the three types of fiber in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

108
Q

What do collagen fibers do?

A

resist pulling or stretching while also allowing tissue flexibility

109
Q

What do elastic fibers do?

A

branch and join together to form a fibrous network allows for stretching, strength, and stability

110
Q

What do reticular fibers do?

A

arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues, forms the stroma of many soft organs and help form the basement membrane

111
Q

What is the stroma?

A

supporting framework of organs

112
Q

What are the 2 types of embryonic connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue

113
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

114
Q

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

115
Q

What are the 3 types of supporting connective tissue cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrous cartilage, elastic cartilage

116
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

compact and spongy

117
Q

What are the 2 types of liquid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph plasma

118
Q

What is cartilage lacunae?

A

spaces in the extracellular matrix where chondrocytes occur

119
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

a covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves and is the source of new cartilage cells

120
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

growth of cartilage from within the tissue; the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of extracellular matrix by the chondrocytes

121
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

growth at the outer surface of the tissue; cells in the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts which surround themselves with extracellular matrix and become chondrocytes

122
Q

What are membranes?

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

123
Q

What are epithelial membranes?

A

consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer

124
Q

What is a mucous membrane?

A

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

125
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

the areolar connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane

126
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs that are within the cavity; consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium

127
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes?

A

parietal layer and visceral layer

128
Q

What is the parietal layer of serous membranes?

A

the layer attached to and lining the cavity wall

129
Q

What is the visceral layer of serous membranes?

A

the layer that covers and adheres to the organs within the cavity

130
Q

What is serous fluid?

A

a watery lubricant secreted by the mesothelium of a serous membrane that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities

131
Q

What is the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs called?

A

pleura

132
Q

What is the serous membrane lining the heart cavity and covering the heart called?

A

pericardium

133
Q

What is the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs called?

A

peritoneum

134
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

the skin

135
Q

What are synovial membranes?

A

line the cavities of partially to freely movable joints

136
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity

137
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force

138
Q

What two cells comprise nervous tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia

139
Q

What do neurons do?

A

convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials and conduct these action potentials to other neurons, to muscle tissue, or to glands

140
Q

What three parts do neurons consist of?

A

cell body, dendrites, axons

141
Q

What is contained within the cell body of a neuron?

A

the nucleus and organelles

142
Q

What are dendrites?

A

tapering, highly branched, usually short cell processes that are the major input portion of a neuron

143
Q

What are axons?

A

a single, thin, cylindrical process that may be very long that is the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue

144
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have many important supportive functions

145
Q

What are excitable cells?

A

cells that exhibit electrical excitability which is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials

146
Q

What is tissue repair?

A

the replacement of worn-out, damaged, or dead cells

147
Q

What is the stroma?

A

supporting connective tissue

148
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

cells that constitute the functioning part of the tissue or organ

149
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

an actively growing connective tissue

150
Q

What three factors affect tissue repair?

A

nutrition, blood circulation, and age

anatomy (22 decks)

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