Anatomy Lecture Ch 1 Flashcards
embryology
the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
developmental biology
the complete development of an individual form fertilization to death
cell biology
cellular structure and functions
histology
microscopic structure of tissues
gross anatomy
structures that can be examined without a microscope
systemic anatomy
structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system
regional anatomy
specific regions of the body each as the head or the chest
surface anatomy
surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation (gentle touch)
imaging anatomy
internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical interventions
pathological anatomy
structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
molecular physiology
functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
neurophysiology
functional properties of nerve cells
endocrinology
hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
immunology
the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
cardiovascular physiology
functions of the heart and blood vessels
respiratory physiology
functions of the air passageways and lungs
renal physiology
functions of the kidneys
exercise physiology
changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
pathophysiology
functional changes associated with disease and aging
palpation
feeling the body surfaces with the hands; noninvasive technique
auscultation
listening to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs; noninvasive technique
percussion
tapping body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo; noninvasive
tissues
groups of similarly specialized cells and the surrounding substances- perform certain functions
organs
structures of definite form composed of two or more different tissues, have specific functions
systems
related organs that have a common function
metabolism
sum of all chemical processes in the body
catabolism
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into similar components; decomposition
anabolism
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components; synthesis
responsiveness
detect and respond to environmental changes
stimulus
disruption that changes a controlled condition
receptor
monitors changes in a controlled environment, sends input (nerve impulses, chemical signals) to a control center
control center
sets a range of values, evaluates input received from receptors, generates output commands
effector
receives output from control center, produces a response or effect, changes the controlled condition
negative feedback loop
a response reverses the original stimulus
anatomy
science of body structures and the relationships among them
dissection
the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
physiology
the science of body functions - how the body parts work
epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
connective tissue
connects, supports ,and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
muscular tissue
contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat
nervous tissue
carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
inspection
the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal
growth
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
differentiation
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
stem cells
precursor cells which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
reproduction
the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual
feedback loop
a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on
stimulus
any disruption that changes a controlled condition
controlled condition
monitored variables such as temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level
afferent pathway
the pathway that the receptor uses to send information to the control center
efferent pathway
the pathway for output from the control center
positive feedback loop
strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
disease
a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms; alters body structures and functions in characteristic ways
local disease
affects one part or a limited region of the body
systemic disease
affects either the entire body or several parts of it
symptoms
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer ex.) headache, nausea, anxiety
signs
objective changes that a health care professional can observe or measure
can be either anatomical or physiological
epidemiology
the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
pharmacology
the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
diagnosis
the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
aging
a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis
medical imaging
techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body
