Question 1

What does oral cancer exclude?

Accepted Answer

posterior 1/3 of the tongue and soft palate because by definition they are a part of the oropharyngeal system

Question 2

what are the infectious agents-viruses?

Accepted Answer

- Human papilloma virus (HPV) - Epstein-barr virus (EBV) (HHV 4) - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 3

What are 5 types of HPV?

Accepted Answer

- Alpha - Beta - Gamma - Mu - Nu

Question 4

Describe Epidermodysplasia verruciformis or tree man illness

Accepted Answer

- A rare autosomal recessive genetic - Affects your skin and increases the risk of carcinoma of the skin

Question 5

Describe Human papillomaviruses (HPVs)

Accepted Answer

high-risk types of HPV cause the following cancers - cervical - anal - oropharyngeal - vaginal - vuvlar - penile - spread through direct sexual contact - white, non-smoking males aged 35 to 55 are most at risk, 4 to 1 over females

Question 6

Describe HPV

Accepted Answer

- ds DNA circular virus - epitheliotrophic - targets mucosa - only 1% progress to malignant disease - widespread in humans and other animals

Question 7

What does human papillomaviruses (HPVs) consist of?

Accepted Answer

- belong to the papvavirus group - are small, non-enveloped DNA viruses of a symmetrical icosahedral shape - Papillomavirus particles consist of a single molecule of double-stranded, circular DNA with approximately 8000 bp, contained in a capsid (spherical protein coat) composed of 72 capsomeres - 200 types have already have identified - HPV viruses can be grouped into high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) HPV types - HR-HPVs are associated with carcinogenesis, 16,18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, and 52 - say high risk HPV 16 and 18 in exam

Question 8

why is HPV 16 is of interest?

Accepted Answer

- due to oncogenic properties - 6 early genes (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 AND E7) - 2 Late genes (L1 and L2) - E6 and E7 have oncogenic properties they target tumour suppressor genes

Question 9

What does HPV do?

Accepted Answer

- HPV infects undifferentiated proliferative basal cells, which are capable of dividing - viral DNA localizes into the nucleus and establishes itself as an episome - the viral proteins E1, E2, E6, and E7 are transcribed from the early promoter are expressed at a low level - E6 and E7 may disturb the normal terminal differentiation by stimulating cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis - the capsid proteins L1 and L2 accumulate in the mature epithelial cells - the assembly of infectious virions takes place in terminally differentiated cells of the upper epithelial layers, and the virions are shed to the environment

Question 10

What does HPV result in?

Accepted Answer

- Latency and malignant transformation through interactions of viral E6 and E7 a proteins with p53 and pRB - E7 protein binds and inactivates a human tumour suppressor gene product, the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) - viral E6 protein binds p53 and earmarks it for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway - During the normal HPV life cycle, viral DNA is maintained episomally in the nucleus of the affected cell, a state predominately associated with "low-risk" HPV types such as HPV-6 and -11

Question 11

describe oral HPV lesions

Accepted Answer

Benign - Papilloma - Condylomata Malignant - Cancer - SCC

Question 12

List risk factors

Accepted Answer

- Number of sexual partners - Weakened immune systems

Question 13

HPV detection

Accepted Answer

- P16 staining - In-situ hybridisation (ISH)

Question 14

List the vaccinations

Accepted Answer

- quadrivalent Gardasil (HVP 6, 11, 16, 18) - bivalent Cervarix (16, 18) - nonvalent Gardasil 9 (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58)

Question 15

Significance of HPV on cancer treatment outcome

Accepted Answer

In retrospective studies, HR-HPV - and/or p16INK4a positive tumours have been found to respond better to multimodal therapies as compared to HPV negative tumours, thereby favouring patient survival

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Oral Cancer Aetiology Viruses Flashcards

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