Ophthalmic

Question 1

Miosis

Answer 1

Constrict the pupil - contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary body for lens accommodation for near vision - lifts the iris away from the trabecular meshwork and increases uveoscleral aqueous outflow

Question 2

Miotics

Answer 2

Cause pupil constriction which opens the drainage angle 
Pilocarpine
Physostigmine
Demecarium
Echothiopate

Question 3

Pilocarpine- receptors and use?

Answer 3

Direct acting parasympathomimetic that causes miosis - used in the treatment of glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca and the diagnosis of parasympathomimetic lesions

Question 4

Physostigmine and Demecarium - receptors and use?

Answer 4

Indirect acting parasympathomimetics that increase uveascaleral drainage

Question 5

Echothiopate- receptors and use?

Answer 5

Indirect acting parasympathomimetic- causes a very long duration of miosis

Question 6

Mydriatics - parasympatholytics

Answer 6

Atropine

Tropicamide

Question 7

Atropine - receptors and use?

Answer 7

Direct acting parasympatholytic causes mydriasis and Cycloplegia- used in the reduction of pain associated with corneal or iris disease - can break up synechiae in uveitis

DO NOT use in glaucoma!!

Question 8

Tropicamide- receptors and use?

Answer 8

Direct acting parasympatholytic causes mydriasis and Cycloplegia - used to dilate the pupil for ophthalmic exam and prevent adhesions after cataract surgery

Question 9

Mydriatics- sympathomimetics

Answer 9

Phenylephrine

Question 10

Phenylephrine - receptors and use?

Answer 10

Alpha-1 agonist causes mydriasis through contraction of the iris muscle - used in perioperative cataract surgery and diagnosis and treatment of Horner syndrome

Question 11

Lacromimetic agents - use?

Answer 11

Provide lubrication but do not perfectly replicate natural tears

Question 12

Lacrimogenic agents

Answer 12

Cyclosporine

Tacrolimus

Question 13

Cyclosporine - use?

Answer 13

Treatment of canine Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Question 14

Tacrolimus- receptors and use?

Answer 14

Decreases T cell activation and works on patients that are not responsive to cyclosporine

Question 15

Brimonidine - receptors and use?

Answer 15

Ophthalmic alpha agonist used in the treatment of glaucoma

Question 16

Timolol- receptors and use?

Answer 16

Ophthalmic non selective beta antagonist used in glaucoma management

Question 17

Dorzolamide - receptors and use?

Answer 17

Reversible inhibition of carbonic anhydrase to decrease aqueous humor production

Question 18

Sulfonamide derivatives- cautions?

Answer 18

Hypersensitivity to sulfa

Question 19

Latanoprost - receptors and use?

Answer 19

Topical prostaglandin agonist increases uveoscleral outflow by simulating prostaglandin receptors - used to topically treat glaucoma and reduce intraocular pressure

Question 20

Glucocorticoids - dexamethasone and prednisone- use in the eye?

Answer 20

Manage inflammatory and immune mediated conditions noninfectious keratitis and uveitis

Question 21

Topical NSAIDs: Flurbiprofen and Diclofenac - use?

Answer 21

Management of uveitis, keratitis, and inflammation associated with cataracts

Question 22

Gancyclovir - use?

Answer 22

Antiviral used to manage feline viral infection and reserved for more severe cases

Question 23

Natamycin- use?

Answer 23

Treatment of fungal keratitis and conjunctivitis

Question 24

Proparacaine- receptors and use?

Answer 24

Topical anesthetic that blocks sodium channels to prevent axonal depolarization used to decrease corneal sensation to allow for diagnostic evaluation

Question 25

Mydriasis

Answer 25

Dilate the pupil - relaxation of the ciliary body and contraction of the iris dilator muscle for lens accommodation for far vision and aqueous humor formation