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RUSVM Pharmacology 2016 > Anesthetics > Flashcards

Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Sedative

A

Induces a state characterized by CNS depression and drowsiness, decreased awareness of surroundings

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2
Q

Hypnotic

A

Induces sleep

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3
Q

Narcotic

A

Induces stupor bordering on general anesthesia

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4
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate (NMDA receptor) and acetylcholine

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5
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA and glycine (spinal cord)

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6
Q

What is the Anesthetic protocol?

A

Premedication, induction, maintenance, and recovery

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7
Q

Neuromuscular blockers

A

Patient cannot move but it still fully conscious, NO ANALGESIA

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8
Q

Neuromuscular blockers

A

Succinylcholine

Atracurium

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9
Q

Depolarizing (Noncompetitive) Neuromuscular blocker

A

Succinylcholine

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10
Q

Succinylcholine - receptors and use?

A

Activates nicotinic Ach receptors causing flaccid muscle paralysis

AVOID IN PATIENTS WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS!!!

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11
Q

Nondepolarizing (competitive) neuromuscular blocker

A

Atricurium

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12
Q

Atricurium - receptors and use?

A

Competitive antagonist with acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors - causes muscle paralysis

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13
Q

Central Muscle relaxants

A

Guaifenesin:
Glyceryl guaiacolate (GG)
Guaiacol glyceryl ether (GGE)

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14
Q

Guaifenisin- receptors and use?

A

Acts on the nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord for centrally mediated generalized muscle relaxant - used for muscle relaxant during anesthesia in equine/bovine/swine

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15
Q

Guaifenisin- cautions?

A

Thrombophlebitis in cattle!

More sensitive than horses

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16
Q

Methocarbamol - receptors and use?

A

Related to guaifenesin - used for acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions in the skeletal muscles and reduce muscle spasms from intervertebral disk disease, poisoning with strychnine, metaldehyde, tetanus, or permethrin

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17
Q

Methocarbamol- cautions?

A

Dark urine

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18
Q

Phenothiazines: Acepromazine - receptors and use?

A

Block dopamine receptors, histamine, alpha-1, and acetylcholine receptors - used for good sedation, moderate, muscle relaxation, no analgesia

cause hypotension

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19
Q

Prochloroperazine & Chlorpromazine- use?

A

Antiemetic

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20
Q

Trimeprazine-use?

A

Antihistamine

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21
Q

Phenothiazine - cautions?

A

Boxers are sensitive
Penile prolapse in stallions and injury
Rumenal regurgitation in cattle - NOT APPROVED!

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22
Q

Benzodiazepines - receptors and use?

A

Binding site on GABA receptors used for mild sedation, muscle relaxation, NO ANALGESIA, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedation in ruminants, appetite stimulant

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23
Q

Diazepam- cautions?

A

Painful injection IM

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24
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam

Midazolam

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25
Q

Midazolam - receptors and use?

A

Same as diazepam

26
Q

Flumazenil - use?

A

Reversal of benzodiazepines

27
Q

Alpha -2 agonists

A 
Xylazine
Dexmedtomadine
Detomidine
Romifidine
Clo iodine
28
Q

Alpha-2 antagonists

A

Atipamezole

Yohimbine

29
Q

Alpha-2 agonist - receptors and use?

A

Affect alpha-2 receptors in the brain and spinal cord is very very good sedation, good muscle relaxation, mild analgesic, mild respiratory depression and emetic (cats)

Use as recovery from anesthesia (horse), muscle relaxation, analgesia, emetic

30
Q

Alpha-2 agonists biphasic phases

A

Initial phase and central phase

31
Q

Initial phase of alpha-2 agonists

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction, reflex increase in parasympathetic tone, bradycardia

32
Q

Central phase of alpha-2 agonists

A

Vasodilation, compensatory rise in heart rate, hypotension

33
Q

Alpha-2 antagonist- receptors and use?

A

Reversal of alpha-2 agonist effects - reverse the sedation in small animals

34
Q

Opiates

A

Naturally occurring drugs extracted from opium

35
Q

Narcosis

A

Stupor bordering on general anesthesia used to be induced with opium - morphine type drugs are called narcotics

36
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia

A

Combination of sedative with an analgesic which results in synergistic effects greater sedation and analgesia

37
Q

Pharmacological effects of opioids

A

Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression, antitussive

38
Q

Opioid agonists - receptors and use?

A

Activation of Gi/o receptors - used for excellent analgesia, antitussive, vomiting, not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation

Analgesic, pre anesthetic, neuroleptanalgesia

39
Q

Mu agonists

A

Morphine
Hydromorphone
Fentanyl

40
Q

Morphine - receptors and use?

A

Mu agonist used for epidurals

Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression

41
Q

Hydromorphone- receptors and use?

A

Mu agonist used IV in place of morphine with less histamine release

Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression

42
Q

Fentanyl - receptors and use?

A

Mu agonist used the same as morphine suitable for CRI administration

Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression

43
Q

Partial Mu agonist

A

Buprenoprhine

44
Q

Buprenorphine - receptor and use?

A

Partial mu agonist for at home analgesia especially in cats

45
Q

Mixed agonist - antagonist

A

Butorphanol

46
Q

Butorphanol

A

Synthetic kappa Agonist and mu antagonist - used for analgesic in cats dogs and horses and antitussives in dogs

most commonly used opioid and horses
will reverse negative side effects on mu receptors but still give analgesic effects

47
Q

What is the most commonly used opioid in horses?

A

Butorphanol

48
Q

Full opioid antagonists - use?

A

Use to reverse the effects of opioids

49
Q

Full opioid antagonists

A

Naloxone
Naltrexone
Diprenorphine
Methylnaltrexone

50
Q

Naloxone -receptor and use?

A

Competitive receptor antagonist- used for reversal of piped induces adverse effects

51
Q

Naltrexone and Diprenorphine - receptor and use?

A

Opioid antagonist - used to reverse Carfentanil and Etorphine

52
Q

Special opioids

A

Hydrocodone
Tramadol
Apomorphine
Loperamide

53
Q

Hydrocodone - receptor and use?

A

Semisynthetic opioid used as an antitussive

54
Q

Apomorphine - use?

A

GI - emetics

55
Q

Loperamide - use?

A

Anti diarrheals

56
Q

Injectable anesthetics - receptor and use?

A

Potentials GABA receptors - Full anesthesia, good muscle relaxation, no analgesia, respiratory depression, hypotension, myotonia on induction, anticonvulsant

57
Q

Injectable anesthetics

A

Propofol
Propoflo
Propoflo 2B
Alfaxalone

58
Q

Alfaxlone -receptor and use?

A

Neurosteroid which is an analog of progesterone - causes full anesthesia, good muscle relaxation, no analgesia, myotonia on induction, anticonvulsant

59
Q

Ketamine - receptor and use?

A

NMDA receptor channel blockade - used for chemical restraint and anesthesia for minor procedures and induction of anesthesia - causes disassociation, no analgesia, sympathetic stimulation and bronchodilation

60
Q

Ketamine - cautions?

A

Not usually used alone, may cause pain upon injection

61
Q

Tranquilizer

A

Induces a state of behavioral change wherein anxiety is relived and the patient is relaxed although aware of their surroundings

RUSVM Pharmacology 2016 (15 decks)

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