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RUSVM Pharmacology 2016 > Anesthetics > Flashcards

Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Sedative

A

Induces a state characterized by CNS depression and drowsiness, decreased awareness of surroundings

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2
Q

Hypnotic

A

Induces sleep

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3
Q

Narcotic

A

Induces stupor bordering on general anesthesia

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4
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate (NMDA receptor) and acetylcholine

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5
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA and glycine (spinal cord)

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6
Q

What is the Anesthetic protocol?

A

Premedication, induction, maintenance, and recovery

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7
Q

Neuromuscular blockers

A

Patient cannot move but it still fully conscious, NO ANALGESIA

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8
Q

Neuromuscular blockers

A

Succinylcholine

Atracurium

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9
Q

Depolarizing (Noncompetitive) Neuromuscular blocker

A

Succinylcholine

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10
Q

Succinylcholine - receptors and use?

A

Activates nicotinic Ach receptors causing flaccid muscle paralysis

AVOID IN PATIENTS WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS!!!

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11
Q

Nondepolarizing (competitive) neuromuscular blocker

A

Atricurium

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12
Q

Atricurium - receptors and use?

A

Competitive antagonist with acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors - causes muscle paralysis

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13
Q

Central Muscle relaxants

A

Guaifenesin:
Glyceryl guaiacolate (GG)
Guaiacol glyceryl ether (GGE)

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14
Q

Guaifenisin- receptors and use?

A

Acts on the nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord for centrally mediated generalized muscle relaxant - used for muscle relaxant during anesthesia in equine/bovine/swine

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15
Q

Guaifenisin- cautions?

A

Thrombophlebitis in cattle!

More sensitive than horses

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16
Q

Methocarbamol - receptors and use?

A

Related to guaifenesin - used for acute inflammatory and traumatic conditions in the skeletal muscles and reduce muscle spasms from intervertebral disk disease, poisoning with strychnine, metaldehyde, tetanus, or permethrin

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17
Q

Methocarbamol- cautions?

A

Dark urine

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18
Q

Phenothiazines: Acepromazine - receptors and use?

A

Block dopamine receptors, histamine, alpha-1, and acetylcholine receptors - used for good sedation, moderate, muscle relaxation, no analgesia

cause hypotension

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19
Q

Prochloroperazine & Chlorpromazine- use?

A

Antiemetic

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20
Q

Trimeprazine-use?

A

Antihistamine

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21
Q

Phenothiazine - cautions?

A

Boxers are sensitive
Penile prolapse in stallions and injury
Rumenal regurgitation in cattle - NOT APPROVED!

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22
Q

Benzodiazepines - receptors and use?

A

Binding site on GABA receptors used for mild sedation, muscle relaxation, NO ANALGESIA, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedation in ruminants, appetite stimulant

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23
Q

Diazepam- cautions?

A

Painful injection IM

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24
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam

Midazolam

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25
Midazolam - receptors and use?
Same as diazepam
26
Flumazenil - use?
Reversal of benzodiazepines
27
Alpha -2 agonists
``` Xylazine Dexmedtomadine Detomidine Romifidine Clo iodine ```
28
Alpha-2 antagonists
Atipamezole | Yohimbine
29
Alpha-2 agonist - receptors and use?
Affect alpha-2 receptors in the brain and spinal cord is very very good sedation, good muscle relaxation, mild analgesic, mild respiratory depression and emetic (cats) Use as recovery from anesthesia (horse), muscle relaxation, analgesia, emetic
30
Alpha-2 agonists biphasic phases
Initial phase and central phase
31
Initial phase of alpha-2 agonists
Peripheral vasoconstriction, reflex increase in parasympathetic tone, bradycardia
32
Central phase of alpha-2 agonists
Vasodilation, compensatory rise in heart rate, hypotension
33
Alpha-2 antagonist- receptors and use?
Reversal of alpha-2 agonist effects - reverse the sedation in small animals
34
Opiates
Naturally occurring drugs extracted from opium
35
Narcosis
Stupor bordering on general anesthesia used to be induced with opium - morphine type drugs are called narcotics
36
Neuroleptanalgesia
Combination of sedative with an analgesic which results in synergistic effects greater sedation and analgesia
37
Pharmacological effects of opioids
Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression, antitussive
38
Opioid agonists - receptors and use?
Activation of Gi/o receptors - used for excellent analgesia, antitussive, vomiting, not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation Analgesic, pre anesthetic, neuroleptanalgesia
39
Mu agonists
Morphine Hydromorphone Fentanyl
40
Morphine - receptors and use?
Mu agonist used for epidurals Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression
41
Hydromorphone- receptors and use?
Mu agonist used IV in place of morphine with less histamine release Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression
42
Fentanyl - receptors and use?
Mu agonist used the same as morphine suitable for CRI administration Not a lot of sedation, not a lot of muscle relaxation, really good analgesia, respiratory depression
43
Partial Mu agonist
Buprenoprhine
44
Buprenorphine - receptor and use?
Partial mu agonist for at home analgesia especially in cats
45
Mixed agonist - antagonist
Butorphanol
46
Butorphanol
Synthetic kappa Agonist and mu antagonist - used for analgesic in cats dogs and horses and antitussives in dogs most commonly used opioid and horses will reverse negative side effects on mu receptors but still give analgesic effects
47
What is the most commonly used opioid in horses?
Butorphanol
48
Full opioid antagonists - use?
Use to reverse the effects of opioids
49
Full opioid antagonists
Naloxone Naltrexone Diprenorphine Methylnaltrexone
50
Naloxone -receptor and use?
Competitive receptor antagonist- used for reversal of piped induces adverse effects
51
Naltrexone and Diprenorphine - receptor and use?
Opioid antagonist - used to reverse Carfentanil and Etorphine
52
Special opioids
Hydrocodone Tramadol Apomorphine Loperamide
53
Hydrocodone - receptor and use?
Semisynthetic opioid used as an antitussive
54
Apomorphine - use?
GI - emetics
55
Loperamide - use?
Anti diarrheals
56
Injectable anesthetics - receptor and use?
Potentials GABA receptors - Full anesthesia, good muscle relaxation, no analgesia, respiratory depression, hypotension, myotonia on induction, anticonvulsant
57
Injectable anesthetics
Propofol Propoflo Propoflo 2B Alfaxalone
58
Alfaxlone -receptor and use?
Neurosteroid which is an analog of progesterone - causes full anesthesia, good muscle relaxation, no analgesia, myotonia on induction, anticonvulsant
59
Ketamine - receptor and use?
NMDA receptor channel blockade - used for chemical restraint and anesthesia for minor procedures and induction of anesthesia - causes disassociation, no analgesia, sympathetic stimulation and bronchodilation
60
Ketamine - cautions?
Not usually used alone, may cause pain upon injection
61
Tranquilizer
Induces a state of behavioral change wherein anxiety is relived and the patient is relaxed although aware of their surroundings

RUSVM Pharmacology 2016 (15 decks)

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