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RUSVM Pharmacology 2016 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Which hypothyroid drug requires less frequent dosing and has a lower risk of thyrotoxicosis?

A

Levothyroxine

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2
Q

What is the only veterinary approved product for hypothyroidism in dogs?

A

Thyro-tabs

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3
Q

What are the four ways to stop hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

Stop the uptake of iodine
Stop the production of T3
stop the release of the molecule (T3 or T4)
stop the conversion of T3 to T4

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4
Q

Why do you feed canned y/d food to a hyperthyroid cat?

A

It is iodine deficient to stop the conversion of T3 to T4

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5
Q

Methimazole - receptor and uses?

A

Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis - used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and cats

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6
Q

What is the extreme idiosyncratic reaction that occurs with methimazole?

A

Facial excoriation
Hepatopathy
bone marrow suppression

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7
Q

Propylthiouracil (PTU)- receptor and uses?

A

Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis and inhibit conversion and T3 to T4 in the tissues- used in the control of hyperthyroidism in cats

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8
Q

Iodides and Iodinated contrast agents - receptor and uses?

A

Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, and inhibit preformed hormone, and inhibit T3 to T4 conversion in the periphery - hyperthyroid drug with the most side effects not used often!

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9
Q

What is used to treat hypoglycemia acutely?

A

A 5% dextrose solution

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10
Q

What is used to treat chronic hypoglycemia?

A

A diet of frequent small meals for complex carbohydrates

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11
Q

Does hyperglycemia require therapy?

A

No! Address the underlying issue or diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia?

A

Hyperesthesia, pawing at the face, tremors, flaccid paralysis, seizures, hyperthermia, bradycardia

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13
Q

What is Periparturient hypocalcemia?

A

Also known as milk fever or eclampsia

caused by sudden increase in calcium usage for which the patient cannot adapt rapidly

usually associated with birth or the lactation

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14
Q

Parenteral calcium options

A

Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride

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15
Q

Can you administer calcium chloride SQor intramuscular?

A

No! Very caustic!

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16
Q

What calcium products can be given orally?

A

Calcium carbonate and calcium proprionate

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17
Q

What is a requirement for oral calcium administration?

A

The patient must be able to absorb the calcium from the G.I. tract

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18
Q

What is the most potent activated form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

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19
Q

What are the three forms of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol
DHT
Ergocalciferol

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20
Q

What do you oral hypoglycemia agents cause?

A

Hypoglycemia

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21
Q

Oral hypoglycemia agents- receptors and use?

A

Stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells and increase tissue sensitivity to insulin - used in the treatment of type II diabetes

22
Q

Glipizide -use?

A

used in the treatment of hyperglycemia

23
Q

Short acting insulin

A

Humulin R, Crystalline or Neutral insulin

24
Q

Short acting insulin- use?

A

Used for hospitalized patients who are not eating

25
Q

Intermediate acting insulin

A

NPH (isophane)

Lente (Vetsulin/caninsulin)

26
Q

Intermediate acting insulin

A

Good starting insulin for canines but may not provide adequate control in felines

27
Q

Long acting insulin

A

Glargine
Protamine Zinc/ PZI (Prozinc)
Detemir

28
Q

Prozinc - use?

A

Insulin used in cats

29
Q

Detemir- use?

A

Insulin with higher potency in dogs - require special dosing and maybe difficult for small dogs

30
Q

Vetsulin/Caninsulin

A

Pen Insulin used for precision dosing in smaller dogs

31
Q

Glucocorticoids - drugs and use?

A 
Produced by the zona of fasciculata 
prednisone
prednisolone
dexamethasone 
triamcinolone 
methylprednisolone 
used for their anti-inflammatory effects, used in replacement therapy for hyperadrenocorticism, and for treatment of immune mediated diseases
32
Q

Dexamethasone - special features

A

7.5 times more potent than prednisone

33
Q

Salt Ester excipients

A

Make a steroid soluble and suitable for IV administration, may cause onset to be faster but duration is unchanged

34
Q

Insoluble esters

A

Delay absorption and onset for longer duration

35
Q

Examples of insoluble esters

A

Pivalate
acetate
acetonide

36
Q

What are the short-term effects of glucocorticoid use?

A

Polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
fetal abnormalities and abortion

37
Q

Long term effects of corticosteroid use

A 
Skin changes like hyperpigmentation, thinning, and alopecia 
collagen disease 
delayed wound healing 
hypertension 
thromboembolic disease
 addisonian signs with withdrawal
38
Q

Minercorticosteroids- receptors , use, and drugs?

A

Regulate sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidney - used for sodium retention
DOCP
Fludricortisone

39
Q

Typical Addison’s

A

Lacking BOTH glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids - use prednisones plus DOCP or fludrocortisone

40
Q

Atypical Addison’s

A

Lacking of just glucocorticoids - only need to treat with prednisone

41
Q

Iatrogenic Addison’s

A

After chronic use of exogenous glucocorticoids

42
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Also known as Cushing’s

the excess production of glucocorticoids caused by a functional adrenocortical mass

43
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Functional mass of the adrenal medulla

44
Q

Mitotane- use?

A

Cytotoxic to the cells of the fasciculata to decrease adrenal gland secretion

45
Q

Trilostane- receptor and use?

A

Inhibits the production of steroids in the cortical production pathway

46
Q

What is the most common drug used to treat Cushing’s?

A

Trilostane

47
Q

Ketoconazole - receptor?

A

Inhibits enzymes in the steroid synthesis pathway

48
Q

Pergolide-receptors and use?

A

Dopamine agonist - Suppresses the production of ACTH and reduces cortisol production- used to treat pituitary pars intermediate dysfunction in horses

49
Q

What is the drug used to treat pituitary pars intermediate dysfunction in horses?

A

Pergolide

50
Q

Selegiline- receptors and use?

A

Inhibits monoamine oxidase inhibitor which results in increased dopamine- used in the treatment of canine cognitive dysfunction and attempts to treat Cushing’s

51
Q

Hypothyroidism drugs in dogs

A

Liothyronine (T3)

Levothyroxine (T4)

RUSVM Pharmacology 2016 (15 decks)

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