Endocrine

Question 1

Which hypothyroid drug requires less frequent dosing and has a lower risk of thyrotoxicosis?

Answer 1

Levothyroxine

Question 2

What is the only veterinary approved product for hypothyroidism in dogs?

Answer 2

Thyro-tabs

Question 3

What are the four ways to stop hyperthyroidism in cats?

Answer 3

Stop the uptake of iodine
Stop the production of T3
stop the release of the molecule (T3 or T4)
stop the conversion of T3 to T4

Question 4

Why do you feed canned y/d food to a hyperthyroid cat?

Answer 4

It is iodine deficient to stop the conversion of T3 to T4

Question 5

Methimazole - receptor and uses?

Answer 5

Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis - used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and cats

Question 6

What is the extreme idiosyncratic reaction that occurs with methimazole?

Answer 6

Facial excoriation
Hepatopathy
bone marrow suppression

Question 7

Propylthiouracil (PTU)- receptor and uses?

Answer 7

Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis and inhibit conversion and T3 to T4 in the tissues- used in the control of hyperthyroidism in cats

Question 8

Iodides and Iodinated contrast agents - receptor and uses?

Answer 8

Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, and inhibit preformed hormone, and inhibit T3 to T4 conversion in the periphery - hyperthyroid drug with the most side effects not used often!

Question 9

What is used to treat hypoglycemia acutely?

Answer 9

A 5% dextrose solution

Question 10

What is used to treat chronic hypoglycemia?

Answer 10

A diet of frequent small meals for complex carbohydrates

Question 11

Does hyperglycemia require therapy?

Answer 11

No! Address the underlying issue or diabetes mellitus

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia?

Answer 12

Hyperesthesia, pawing at the face, tremors, flaccid paralysis, seizures, hyperthermia, bradycardia

Question 13

What is Periparturient hypocalcemia?

Answer 13

Also known as milk fever or eclampsia

caused by sudden increase in calcium usage for which the patient cannot adapt rapidly

usually associated with birth or the lactation

Question 14

Parenteral calcium options

Answer 14

Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride

Question 15

Can you administer calcium chloride SQor intramuscular?

Answer 15

No! Very caustic!

Question 16

What calcium products can be given orally?

Answer 16

Calcium carbonate and calcium proprionate

Question 17

What is a requirement for oral calcium administration?

Answer 17

The patient must be able to absorb the calcium from the G.I. tract

Question 18

What is the most potent activated form of vitamin D?

Answer 18

Calcitriol

Question 19

What are the three forms of vitamin D?

Answer 19

Calcitriol
DHT
Ergocalciferol

Question 20

What do you oral hypoglycemia agents cause?

Answer 20

Hypoglycemia

Question 21

Oral hypoglycemia agents- receptors and use?

Answer 21

Stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells and increase tissue sensitivity to insulin - used in the treatment of type II diabetes

Question 22

Glipizide -use?

Answer 22

used in the treatment of hyperglycemia

Question 23

Short acting insulin

Answer 23

Humulin R, Crystalline or Neutral insulin

Question 24

Short acting insulin- use?

Answer 24

Used for hospitalized patients who are not eating

Question 25

Intermediate acting insulin

Answer 25

NPH (isophane) | Lente (Vetsulin/caninsulin)

Question 26

Intermediate acting insulin

Answer 26

Good starting insulin for canines but may not provide adequate control in felines

Question 27

Long acting insulin

Answer 27

Glargine Protamine Zinc/ PZI (Prozinc) Detemir

Question 28

Prozinc - use?

Answer 28

Insulin used in cats

Question 29

Detemir- use?

Answer 29

Insulin with higher potency in dogs - require special dosing and maybe difficult for small dogs

Question 30

Vetsulin/Caninsulin

Answer 30

Pen Insulin used for precision dosing in smaller dogs

Question 31

Glucocorticoids - drugs and use?

Answer 31

``` Produced by the zona of fasciculata prednisone prednisolone dexamethasone triamcinolone methylprednisolone used for their anti-inflammatory effects, used in replacement therapy for hyperadrenocorticism, and for treatment of immune mediated diseases ```

Question 32

Dexamethasone - special features

Answer 32

7.5 times more potent than prednisone

Question 33

Salt Ester excipients

Answer 33

Make a steroid soluble and suitable for IV administration, may cause onset to be faster but duration is unchanged

Question 34

Insoluble esters

Answer 34

Delay absorption and onset for longer duration

Question 35

Examples of insoluble esters

Answer 35

Pivalate acetate acetonide

Question 36

What are the short-term effects of glucocorticoid use?

Answer 36

Polyuria polydipsia polyphagia fetal abnormalities and abortion

Question 37

Long term effects of corticosteroid use

Answer 37

``` Skin changes like hyperpigmentation, thinning, and alopecia collagen disease delayed wound healing hypertension thromboembolic disease addisonian signs with withdrawal ```

Question 38

Minercorticosteroids- receptors , use, and drugs?

Answer 38

Regulate sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidney - used for sodium retention DOCP Fludricortisone

Question 39

Typical Addison's

Answer 39

Lacking BOTH glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids - use prednisones plus DOCP or fludrocortisone

Question 40

Atypical Addison's

Answer 40

Lacking of just glucocorticoids - only need to treat with prednisone

Question 41

Iatrogenic Addison's

Answer 41

After chronic use of exogenous glucocorticoids

Question 42

Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 42

Also known as Cushing's | the excess production of glucocorticoids caused by a functional adrenocortical mass

Question 43

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 43

Functional mass of the adrenal medulla

Question 44

Mitotane- use?

Answer 44

Cytotoxic to the cells of the fasciculata to decrease adrenal gland secretion

Question 45

Trilostane- receptor and use?

Answer 45

Inhibits the production of steroids in the cortical production pathway

Question 46

What is the most common drug used to treat Cushing's?

Answer 46

Trilostane

Question 47

Ketoconazole - receptor?

Answer 47

Inhibits enzymes in the steroid synthesis pathway

Question 48

Pergolide-receptors and use?

Answer 48

Dopamine agonist - Suppresses the production of ACTH and reduces cortisol production- used to treat pituitary pars intermediate dysfunction in horses

Question 49

What is the drug used to treat pituitary pars intermediate dysfunction in horses?

Answer 49

Pergolide

Question 50

Selegiline- receptors and use?

Answer 50

Inhibits monoamine oxidase inhibitor which results in increased dopamine- used in the treatment of canine cognitive dysfunction and attempts to treat Cushing's

Question 51

Hypothyroidism drugs in dogs

Answer 51

Liothyronine (T3) | Levothyroxine (T4)