open ended questions test 2

Question 1

State and define the first and second laws of thermodynamics

Answer 1

1-energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
2-for every transfer or transformation the entropy in the universe will increase

Question 2

How does ATP drive cellular work?

Answer 2

-coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

Question 3

Enzymes can be controlled by activators and inhibitors. Compare and contrast competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition, and allosteric activation and inhibition.

Answer 3

-separate cards

Question 4

competitive inhibitors

Answer 4

-reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites

Question 5

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 5

-impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme

Question 6

allosteric activator

Answer 6

-binds an activator to a regulatory site which stabilizes the shape which has functional active sites

Question 7

allosteric inhibitor

Answer 7

-binding of inhibitor stabalizes inactive form of enzyme

Question 8

Describe how chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.

Answer 8

-using the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

Describe two common fermentation pathways that produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Answer 9

-seperate cars
-alcohol fermentation
-lactic acid fermentation

Question 10

alcohol fermentation

Answer 10

-glycolysis followed by regeneration of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2

Question 11

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 11

-glycolysis followed by regeneration of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ without releasing CO2

Question 12

alcohol fermentation

Answer 12

-glycolysis followed by regeneration of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2

Question 13

How do plants overcome photorespiration?

Answer 13

-by separating initial fixation and the Calvin cycle

Question 14

Cells have different types of membrane receptors that are involved in receiving the first messenger signal and initiating signal transduction. Compare and contrast G-protein linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors.

Answer 14

-seperate cards
-all are found in plasma membrane

Question 15

G-protein linked receptors

Answer 15

-signal receptor protein in plasma membrane that responds to binding of a signaling molecule by activating G protein

Question 16

receptor tyrosine kinases

Answer 16

-receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane
-intracellular part can catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine

Question 17

ion channel receptors

Answer 17

-multimeric proteins located in the plasma membrane

Question 18

Briefly describe the events that occur during the following phases of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Answer 18

-seprate cards

Question 19

prophase

Answer 19

-mitotic spindle begins to form
-chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Question 20

metaphase

Answer 20

-mitotic spindle complete
-chromosomes are aligned with metaphase plate

Question 21

anaphase

Answer 21

-chromatids of each chromosome have split and daughter chromosomes are moving to poles of the cell

Question 22

telophase

Answer 22

-daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has begun