open ended questions test 2 Flashcards
State and define the first and second laws of thermodynamics
1-energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
2-for every transfer or transformation the entropy in the universe will increase
How does ATP drive cellular work?
-coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
Enzymes can be controlled by activators and inhibitors. Compare and contrast competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition, and allosteric activation and inhibition.
-separate cards
competitive inhibitors
-reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
noncompetitive inhibitors
-impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme
allosteric activator
-binds an activator to a regulatory site which stabilizes the shape which has functional active sites
allosteric inhibitor
-binding of inhibitor stabalizes inactive form of enzyme
Describe how chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.
-using the process of oxidative phosphorylation
Describe two common fermentation pathways that produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.
-seperate cars
-alcohol fermentation
-lactic acid fermentation
alcohol fermentation
-glycolysis followed by regeneration of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2
lactic acid fermentation
-glycolysis followed by regeneration of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ without releasing CO2
alcohol fermentation
-glycolysis followed by regeneration of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2
How do plants overcome photorespiration?
-by separating initial fixation and the Calvin cycle
Cells have different types of membrane receptors that are involved in receiving the first messenger signal and initiating signal transduction. Compare and contrast G-protein linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors.
-seperate cards
-all are found in plasma membrane
G-protein linked receptors
-signal receptor protein in plasma membrane that responds to binding of a signaling molecule by activating G protein
receptor tyrosine kinases
-receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane
-intracellular part can catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine
ion channel receptors
-multimeric proteins located in the plasma membrane
Briefly describe the events that occur during the following phases of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
-seprate cards
prophase
-mitotic spindle begins to form
-chromatin condenses into chromosomes
metaphase
-mitotic spindle complete
-chromosomes are aligned with metaphase plate
anaphase
-chromatids of each chromosome have split and daughter chromosomes are moving to poles of the cell
telophase
-daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has begun
