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Biology > CH 10 > Flashcards

CH 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-organelles in plants and other photosynthetic organisms

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2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

-the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

-“self-feeders”
-sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
-produce biosphere

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

-obtain organic materials from other organisms
-consumers of the biosphere

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5
Q

Mesophyll

A

-interior tissue of the leaf
-where chloroplasts are found

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6
Q

Stomata

A

-microscopic pores where CO2 enters and O2 exits

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7
Q

stroma

A

-a dense fluid surrounded by two mwmbranes

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8
Q

Thylakoids

A

-connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system
-maybe stacked in columns called grana

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9
Q

Chlorophyll

A

-the pigment that gives leaves their green color
-resides in thylakoid membranes

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10
Q

Light reactions

A

-photo part of photosynthesis

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11
Q

inputs and outputs of light reactions

A

-inputs–light, H2O
-outputs–O2

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12
Q

How are the light reactions and chemiosmosis related?

A

-they both are used to produce ATP

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13
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

-generates ATP from ADP

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14
Q

Carbon fixation

A

-initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds

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15
Q

Wavelength

A

-the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves
-determines the type of electromagnetic energy

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16
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

-the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

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17
Q

Visible light

A

-consists of wavelengths (380 nm to 750nm) that produce colors we can see

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18
Q

Photons

A

-discrete particles

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19
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

-measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths

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20
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

-a graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

21
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

-key light-capturing pigment

22
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

-accessory pigment

23
Q

Action spectrum

A

-profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

24
Q

Carotenoids

A

-accessory pigments
-broaden the spectrum of colors that drive photosynthesis

25
Q

Photosystem

A

-consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

26
Q

Reaction-center complex

A

-an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor

27
Q

Light-harvesting complex

A

-consists of pigment molecules bound to proteins

28
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

-accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
-in the reaction center

29
Q

Photosystem II (PS II)

A

-reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is called P680
-best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
-functions first

30
Q

Photosystem I (PS I)

A

-reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called P700
-best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

31
Q

Linear electron flow

A

-primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

32
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

-electrons cycle back from Fd to the PS I reaction center via a plastocyanin molecule (Pc)
-uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH
-no O2 released

33
Q

Calvin cycle

A

-synthesis part of photosynthesis
-regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle
-is anabolic

34
Q

what are the Calvin cycle inputs and outputs

A

-inputs– 3 CO2
-outputs–G3P

35
Q

three phases of the Calvin cycle

A

-Carbon fixation
-reduction
-Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

36
Q

what is regenerated to keep the Calvin cycle going?

A

-RuBP (Ribulose biphosphate)

37
Q

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

A

-three-carbon sugar

38
Q

Carbon fixation

A

-initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds
-catalyzed by rubisco

39
Q

Rubisco

A

-RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase

40
Q

reduction

A

-the gain of electrons by a molecule

41
Q

regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

A

-Rubisco converts carbon dioxide into sugars that help plants grow and function

42
Q

Photorespiration

A

-rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound

43
Q

C3 plants

A

-first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate)

44
Q

C4 plants

A

-preface the Calvin cycle with an alternative mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound
-minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds

45
Q

Bundle-sheath cells

A

-arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf

46
Q

PEP carboxylase

A
  • an enzyme present in only mesophyll cells
47
Q

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

A

-mode of carbon fixation
-adaptation that allows it to photosynthesize during the day and exchange gasses at night

48
Q

CAM plants

A

-plants that photosynthesize during the day and exchange gasses at night

Biology (27 decks)

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