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Biology > CH 8 > Flashcards

CH 8 Flashcards

Intro to metabolism

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

-Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

-Begins with a specific molecule ends with a product
-each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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3
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

-release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
-EX. cellular respiration

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4
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

-consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
-EX. the synthesis of proteins from amino acids

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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

-the study of how energy flows through living organisms

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6
Q

energy

A

-the capacity to cause change
-various forms, some can perform work

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7
Q

Kinetic energy

A

-energy associated with motion

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8
Q

Thermal energy

A

-kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

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9
Q

Heat

A

-thermal energy in transfer between objects

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10
Q

Potential energy

A

-energy that matter possesses because of location or structure

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11
Q

Chemical energy

A

-potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

-the study of energy transformations

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13
Q

isolated system

A

-unable to exchange energy or matter with surroundings
-EX. liquids in thermos

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14
Q

open system

A

-energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
-EX. organisms

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15
Q

First law of thermodynamics (principle of conservation of energy)

A

-the energy of the universe is constant
-energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be destroyed or created

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16
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

-every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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17
Q

Entropy

A

-measure of molecular disorder, or randomness

18
Q

spontaneous processes

A

-occur without energy input
-can happen quickly or slowly
-must increase entropy in universe

19
Q

nonspontaneous processes

A

-decrease entropy
-will only occur if energy is provided

20
Q

Free energy

A

-energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

21
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

-proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

22
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

-absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

23
Q

Energy coupling

A

-use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
-cells use it to manage energy recourses
-mediated by ATP

24
Q

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

A

-cells energy shuttle
-composed of a ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

25
Q

phosphorylated intermediate

A

-recipient molecule

26
Q

Catalyst

A

-a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

27
Q

Enzyme

A

-a catalytic protein
-EX. sucrase, an enzyme that catalyzes

28
Q

Activation energy

A

-the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
-also called, the free energy of activation

29
Q

Catalysis

A

-enzymes or other catalysts speed up specific reactions by lowering activation energy

30
Q

Substrate

A

-reactant that an enzyme acts on

31
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

when enzymes bind to its substrate

32
Q

Active site

A

-the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

33
Q

Induced fit

A

-brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

34
Q

Cofactors

A

-nonprotein enzyme helpers
-may be inorganic or organic

35
Q

Coenzyme

A

-organic cofactor
-EX. vitamins

36
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

-binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substance

37
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

-bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

38
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

-may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity
-occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site

39
Q

Cooperativity

A

-form of Allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

40
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

-the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
-prevents cells from wasting chemical resources by making more than needed

Biology (27 decks)

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