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Biology > CH 14 > Flashcards

CH 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

character

A

-a heritable feature that varies among individuals

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2
Q

trait

A

-each variant for a character
-EX purple or white flowers

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3
Q

True-Breeding

A

-plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

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4
Q

Hybridization

A

-a process where two contrasting, true breeding varieties are mated

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5
Q

P generation

A

-the true breeding parents

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6
Q

F1 generation

A

-hybrid offspring of the P generation

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7
Q

F2 generation

A

-When F1 individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids

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8
Q

alleles

A

alternative versions of a gene

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9
Q

Dominant allele

A

-determines the organism’s appearance

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10
Q

recessive allele

A

-no noticeable effect on appearance

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11
Q

Law of segregation

A

-the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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12
Q

Punnett square

A

-diagram that predicts the possible outcomes from a cross

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13
Q

Homozygote

A

-An organism with two identical alleles for a character
-true breeding

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14
Q

homozygous

A

-having two identical alleles for a given gene

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

-An organism with two different alleles for a gene
-not true breeding

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16
Q

heterozygous

A

-having two different alleles for a given gene

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17
Q

Genotype

A

-genetic makeup
-EX GG, gg, Gg

18
Q

Phenotype

A

-physical appearance
-EX purple flowers

19
Q

Test cross

A

-breeding a mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual

20
Q

Monohybrids

A

-heterozygous for one character

21
Q

monohybrid cross

A

A cross between monohybrids

22
Q

Dihybrids

A

-individuals heterozygous for the two characters in the cross
-EX parents—AABB, aabb product—AaBb

23
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

-a cross between F1 dihybrids
-can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently

24
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

-states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation

25
Q

Multiplication rule

A

-states that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

26
Q

Addition rule

A

-states that the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

27
Q

Complete dominance

A

-occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

28
Q

incomplete dominance

A

-the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

29
Q

codominance

A

-two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

30
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

-a dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in the brain
-fatal

31
Q

Pleiotropy

A

-multiple phenotypic effects

32
Q

epistasis

A

-expression of a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

33
Q

Quantitative characters

A

-those that vary in the population along a continuum

34
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

-an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

35
Q

multifactorial

A

-Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences

36
Q

pedigree

A

-a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

37
Q

Carriers

A

-heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

38
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

-lethal genetic disease
-results in defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membranes, leading to a buildup of chloride ions outside the cell

39
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

-caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells

40
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

-a degenerative disease of the nervous system

41
Q

amniocentesis

A

-the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested

42
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

-a sample of the placenta is removed and tested

Biology (27 decks)

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