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Biology > CH 17 > Flashcards

CH 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene expression

A

-process by which DNA directs protein synthesis
-2 stages transcription and translation

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2
Q

Transcription

A

-the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

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3
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

-attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

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4
Q

Translation

A

-the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

-sites of translation

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6
Q

primary transcript

A

-the initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

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7
Q

triplet code

A

-a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words

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8
Q

template strand

A

-DNA strand that provides template/pattern for complimentary base pairing

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9
Q

codons

A

-mRNA base triplets
-read in the 5′ → 3′ direction

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10
Q

reading frame

A

-how they are grouped

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11
Q

RNA polymerase

A

-catalyzes RNA synthisis
-pries the DNA strands apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides

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12
Q

promoter

A

-The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

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13
Q

terminator

A

-the sequence signaling the end of transcription in bacteria

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14
Q

transcription unit

A

-stretch of DNA that is transcribed

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15
Q

Transcription factors

A

-mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

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16
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

-completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

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17
Q

TATA box

A

-crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

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18
Q

5’ cap

A

-modified form of guanine added on to end of 5’ strand

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19
Q

poly-A tail

A

-enzyme adds 50-250 adenine at the end of the 3’ strand

20
Q

introns

A

-noncoding regions

21
Q

exons

A

-other regions
-eventually expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences

22
Q

RNA splicing

A

-removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

23
Q

Spliceosomes

A

-consist of a variety of proteins and several small RNAs that recognize the splice sites

24
Q

Ribozymes

A

-catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

25
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

-Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing

26
Q

domains

A

-Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions

27
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

-transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome

28
Q

anticodon

A

-base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA

29
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

-carries out the correct matching of tRNA and amino acids

30
Q

wobble

A

-Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon
-allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon

31
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

-RNA molecules (and proteins) that make up ribosomes

32
Q

P site

A

-holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

33
Q

A site

A

-holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

34
Q

E site

A

-the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

35
Q

signal peptide

A

-marks Polypeptides destined for the ER or for secretion

36
Q

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

A

-binds to the signal peptide
-escorts the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane

37
Q

polyribosome/polysome

A

-formed by Multiple ribosomes that translate a single mRNA simultaneously

38
Q

Mutations

A

-changes in the genetic information of a cell

39
Q

Point mutations

A

-changes in just one nucleotide pair of a gene

40
Q

nucleotide-pair substitution

A

-replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

41
Q

Silent mutations

A

-have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code

42
Q

Missense mutations

A

-still code for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

43
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

-change an amino acid codon into a stop codon; most lead to a nonfunctional protein

44
Q

Insertions/deletions

A

-additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

45
Q

frameshift mutation

A

-produced by the Insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame

46
Q

Mutagens

A

-physical or chemical agents that can cause mutations

Biology (27 decks)

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