CH 9

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

-a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

-consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

-similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2

Question 4

Cellular respiration

Answer 4

-includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

Question 5

Redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions)

Answer 5

-chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

Question 6

Oxidation

Answer 6

-a substance losses electrons, or is oxidized

Question 7

Reduction

Answer 7

-a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (positive charge)

Question 8

Reducing agent

Answer 8

-electron donor

Question 9

Oxidizing agent

Answer 9

-electron receptor

Question 10

NAD+

Answer 10

-functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration
-a coenzyme
-electron acceptor

Question 11

NADH

Answer 11

-reduced form of NAD+

Question 12

Electron transport chain

Answer 12

-consists of several molecules/proteins built into the inner membrane of mitochondria of eukaryotic cells (plasma membranes of respiring prokaryotes)
-major step in Oxidative phosphorylation
-final electron acceptor = oxygen

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

-breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Question 14

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Answer 14

• in the cytosol of the cell

Question 15

what are the starting and end products of Glycolysis?

Answer 15

-starts with glucose
-ends with pyruvate

Question 16

what are glycolysis’s energy inputs and outputs?

Answer 16

-input– 2 ATP
-output– 4 ATP, 2 NADH, & 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 17

What is the key allosteric enzyme that regulates cellular respiration in glycolysis?

Answer 17

-dehydrogenase and NAD+

Question 18

where does the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA take place?

Answer 18

-in the mitochondria

Question 19

what are the inputs and outputs of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 19

• inputs– 2 pyruvates, 2 CoA, 2 NAD+
  -outputs– 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Question 20

conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA starting and end products?

Answer 20

-starting–pyruvate
-ending–Acetyl CoA

Question 21

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)

Answer 21

-completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2

Question 22

where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?

Answer 22

-mitochondria

Question 23

starting and end products of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 23

-starting– Acetyl CoA and citrate
-ending– Oxaloacetate

Question 24

energy outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 24

• 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1FADH2 per cycle

Question 25

waste outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 25

• 2 CO2

Question 26

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 26

-process that generates almost 90% of the ATP
-powered by redox reactions

Question 27

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 27

-forms small amounts of ATP in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 28

Cytochromes

Answer 28

-remaining electrons between ubiquinone and oxygen
-proteins

Question 29

ATP synthase

Answer 29

-the enzyme that creates ATP

Question 30

Chemiosmosis

Answer 30

-the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work
-EX. synthesis of ATP

Question 31

Proton-motive force

Answer 31

-a force created by the transfer of protons or electrons across a membrane

Question 32

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 32

-where pyruvate is converted to ethanol

Question 33

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 33

-where pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming NAD+ and lactate as end products with no release of CO2

Question 34

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 34

-carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

Question 35

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 35

-they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
-EX. yeast

Question 36

Beta oxidation

Answer 36

-metabolic sequence
-breaks down fatty acids
-yields Acetyl CoA, NADH, & FADH2