Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 2232 > Objectives 12-15 > Flashcards

Objectives 12-15 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false? each neurotransmitter can bind to several receptors?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

this type of pharmaceutical does what the neurotransmitter does: it works with it

A

agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

this type of pharmaceutical blocks the neurotransmitter from acting: the effect is the opposite of what the neurotransmitter does

A

antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two ways a neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

degradation and reuptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does acetylcholine effect?

A

PNS effectors, skeletal muscle, CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?

A

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kind of receptors does acetylcholine act at?

A

2 different cholinergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 different cholinergic receptors that acetylcholine acts at?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

neuromuscular junction; some parts of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do nicotinic receptors cause, when activated?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

on parasympathetic target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do muscarinic receptors cause, when activated?

A

lower heart rate and lower BP, constricted pupils, digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s? in what level?

A

lower levels of acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where do epinephrine and norepinephrine have an effect?

A

sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are epinephrine and norepinephrine removed from the synapse?

A

reuptake and enzyme MAO (monoamine oxidase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

a and b adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do alpha adrenergic receptors do?

A

vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure, pupil dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do beta adrenergic receptors do?

A

increase heart rate, open airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

reuptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

this neurotransmitter is excitatory to muscles, regulates food intake, reproductive activity, and plays a role in mood and anxiety

A

serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do MAOI drugs work?

A

inhibit MAO, increasing epinephrine and norepinephrine in the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this neurotransmitter is involved in mood, GI, motor control, behavior, emotional reward

A

dopamine

23
Q

this disease is associated with low levels of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s

24
Q

this disease is associated with high levels of dopamine

A

Schizophrenia

25
Q

which neurotransmitters are excitatory?

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Glutamate, Substance P

26
Q

which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

A

GABA, Glycine, Endorphins, Serotonin

27
Q

which neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Acetylcholine and Dopamine

28
Q

what is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

glutamate

29
Q

this excitatory neurotransmitter is found throughout the brain and is involved in memory and learning -SENSES-

A

glutamate

30
Q

what are the receptors for glutamate?

A

NMDA

31
Q

which neurotransmitters inhibit pain perception?

A

endorphins and enkephalins

32
Q

what is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

33
Q

this neurotransmitter inhibits muscles and is involved in motor control

A

GABA

34
Q

a decrease in GABA is associated with what disease?

A

Huntington’s

35
Q

what stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors?

A

muscarine (from poisonous mushrooms)

36
Q

what happens when ACh fails to release?

A

skeletal muscles won’t contract

37
Q

how is cocaine associated with dopamine?

A

it blocks the reuptake of dopamine

38
Q

this is a neuropeptide that relays pain sensations to the CNS

A

substance P

39
Q

xanax and valium increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

40
Q

which neurotransmitter is often released with GABA and regulates skeletal muscle movement?

A

glycine

41
Q

________ synapses occur in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, between some neurons of the brain, and between glial cells

A

electrical

42
Q

with electrical synapses, how are cells joined?

A

with gap junctions

43
Q

what channels open when the action potential reaches the end of the axon?

A

voltage gated Ca+ channels

44
Q

when the AP reaches the axon terminal and Ca+ channels open, what enters and what exits the end bulb?

A

Ca+ enters and neurotransmitter exits by exocytosis

45
Q

in an action potential, what is the ligand?

A

the neurotransmitter

46
Q

how does summation of graded potentials work?

A

if additional stimuli occur before the graded potential has died, they can add to the depolarization from the first stimuli

47
Q

which channels open to depolarize the cell? is this an EPSP or IPSP?

A

Na+ or Ca+ channels to get to an EPSP

48
Q

which channels open to hyperpolarize the cell? is this an EPSP or IPSP?

A

K+ or Cl- channels to get an IPSP

49
Q

on which segment of the neuron can a graded potential be found?

A

dendrites and cell body

50
Q

on which segment of the neuron can an action potential be found?

A

axon

51
Q

what kind of channels are involved in a graded potential?

A

chemically gated

52
Q

what kind of channels are involved in action potential?

A

voltage gated

53
Q

how does an antagonist block a neurotransmitter from working?

A

it blocks the receptor site

Physiology 2232 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions