Objectives 12-15 Flashcards
true or false? each neurotransmitter can bind to several receptors?
true
this type of pharmaceutical does what the neurotransmitter does: it works with it
agonist
this type of pharmaceutical blocks the neurotransmitter from acting: the effect is the opposite of what the neurotransmitter does
antagonist
what are the two ways a neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft?
degradation and reuptake
what does acetylcholine effect?
PNS effectors, skeletal muscle, CNS
how is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?
the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
what kind of receptors does acetylcholine act at?
2 different cholinergic receptors
what are the 2 different cholinergic receptors that acetylcholine acts at?
nicotinic and muscarinic
where are nicotinic receptors found?
neuromuscular junction; some parts of CNS
what do nicotinic receptors cause, when activated?
skeletal muscle contraction
where are muscarinic receptors found?
on parasympathetic target organs
what do muscarinic receptors cause, when activated?
lower heart rate and lower BP, constricted pupils, digestion
which neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s? in what level?
lower levels of acetylcholine
where do epinephrine and norepinephrine have an effect?
sympathetic nervous system
how are epinephrine and norepinephrine removed from the synapse?
reuptake and enzyme MAO (monoamine oxidase)
what are the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine?
a and b adrenergic receptors
what do alpha adrenergic receptors do?
vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure, pupil dilation
what do beta adrenergic receptors do?
increase heart rate, open airways
how is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft?
reuptake
this neurotransmitter is excitatory to muscles, regulates food intake, reproductive activity, and plays a role in mood and anxiety
serotonin
how do MAOI drugs work?
inhibit MAO, increasing epinephrine and norepinephrine in the synapse
this neurotransmitter is involved in mood, GI, motor control, behavior, emotional reward
dopamine
this disease is associated with low levels of dopamine
Parkinson’s
this disease is associated with high levels of dopamine
Schizophrenia
which neurotransmitters are excitatory?
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Glutamate, Substance P
which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?
GABA, Glycine, Endorphins, Serotonin
which neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory?
Acetylcholine and Dopamine
what is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
glutamate
this excitatory neurotransmitter is found throughout the brain and is involved in memory and learning -SENSES-
glutamate
what are the receptors for glutamate?
NMDA
which neurotransmitters inhibit pain perception?
endorphins and enkephalins
what is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
this neurotransmitter inhibits muscles and is involved in motor control
GABA
a decrease in GABA is associated with what disease?
Huntington’s
what stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors?
muscarine (from poisonous mushrooms)
what happens when ACh fails to release?
skeletal muscles won’t contract
how is cocaine associated with dopamine?
it blocks the reuptake of dopamine
this is a neuropeptide that relays pain sensations to the CNS
substance P
xanax and valium increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
which neurotransmitter is often released with GABA and regulates skeletal muscle movement?
glycine
________ synapses occur in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, between some neurons of the brain, and between glial cells
electrical
with electrical synapses, how are cells joined?
with gap junctions
what channels open when the action potential reaches the end of the axon?
voltage gated Ca+ channels
when the AP reaches the axon terminal and Ca+ channels open, what enters and what exits the end bulb?
Ca+ enters and neurotransmitter exits by exocytosis
in an action potential, what is the ligand?
the neurotransmitter
how does summation of graded potentials work?
if additional stimuli occur before the graded potential has died, they can add to the depolarization from the first stimuli
which channels open to depolarize the cell? is this an EPSP or IPSP?
Na+ or Ca+ channels to get to an EPSP
which channels open to hyperpolarize the cell? is this an EPSP or IPSP?
K+ or Cl- channels to get an IPSP
on which segment of the neuron can a graded potential be found?
dendrites and cell body
on which segment of the neuron can an action potential be found?
axon
what kind of channels are involved in a graded potential?
chemically gated
what kind of channels are involved in action potential?
voltage gated
how does an antagonist block a neurotransmitter from working?
it blocks the receptor site
