Exam 2: Objectives 19-22 Flashcards
hearing problem: vibrations are normal, but the organ of Corti can’t detect vibration, or neurons can’t carry the signals to the brain
neural problem
what are the 2 landmarks in the hearing pathway after information has reached CN VIII?
thalamus and temporal lobe
which parts of the ear focus sound waves onto the tympanic membrane?
pinna and external auditory canal
where does light travel before reaching a stimulating the photoreceptors?
all cell layers of the retina
what are the components of the fibrous tunic of the eye?
sclera and cornea
how many kinds of cones are there? what colors are they?
3: red, blue, green
where is the sense of vision first activated?
photoreceptors
where is the damage if there is a conduction problem?
tympanic membrane, wax buildup
on/off cells that connect impulses from rods/cones to ganglion cells (layer of retina)
bipolar layer
where is the true sense of hearing located?
spiral organ of corti
in the scala media, what is the name of the membrane that contains the sensory hair cells?
basilar
what do the malleus, incus, and stapes do?
cause ripples in cochlear fluid, amplifying sound
these photoreceptors are used for color, central vision, clarity
cones
neuron axons in the retina gather at a point called…
the optic disc
where does the stapes sit to transmit sound to the cochlea?
oval window
where are bipolar cells and ganglion cells found?
in the retina, near the optic nerve fibers
Touching the cornea elicits a blinking response. Which nerve provides sensory information that the cornea is being touched? Which nerve provides the motor response of blinking?
sensory: CN V trigeminal motor: CN VII facial
what kind of receptors are the sensory hair cells on the basilar membrane of the scala media?
mechanoreceptors
where are the genes located for photo pigments?
the X chromosome
hearing problem: vibrations cannot be transmitted from the air to the organ of Corti
conduction problem
in the cochlea, where are the sensory hair cells that receive sound waves?
basilar membrane of scala media
what are the components of the vascular tunic of the eye?
iris, ciliary body, choroid
when the 2 optic nerves meet at the optic chiasm, what do they form?
optic tract
this occurs in response to an extremely loud sound: the muscles of the ossicles will “lock up” and prevent transmission to the inner ear
attenuation reflex
where are cones located?
fovea centralis (retina)
where do blood vessels and the optic nerve enter the eye?
optic disc
where is the damage if there is a neural problem?
organ of Corti or hair cells
which part of the ear rocks the malleus, incus, and stapes?
tympanic membrane
what happens if there is a lesion to the right optic tract?
inability to see right half of visual field
which neurotransmitter is released when sound waves enter the scala media?
glutamate
what are the 3 chambers in the cochlea, in the order that they are activated?
scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani
where is the pigmented layer in the eye?
retina: below rods and cones
what happens if there is a lesion to the longitudinal region of the optic chiasm?
no peripheral vision (no binocular vision)
where are photoreceptors (rods and cones) found?
retina: above pigmented layer
which kind of hearing problem can be corrected with a cochlear implant?
neural
after crossing at the optic chiasm, what 2 landmarks are part of the visual pathway?
thalamus and occipital lobe
what happens if there is a lesion to the left optic tract?
inability to see left half of visual field
these photoreceptors are used in dim light, have poor sharpness, and are located on the periphery
rods
what are the components of the retinal tunic of the eye?
pigmented and neural layers
axons of the ganglion cells form the output from the retina
optic nerve
what is the visual pathway?
rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > thalamus > visual cortex
the bony and membranous labyrinth, hearing part of the inner ear
cochlea
which kind of hearing problem can be corrected with a hearing aid?
conduction
what happens if there is a lesion to an optic nerve?
total blindness in that eye
when pressure is _____ inside the middle ear than the auditory canal, the tympanic membrane _______ and sound in distorted
higher; bulges outward
what structure functions to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane?
eustachian tube
receives visual stimuli from bipolar cells and conducts impulses out of the eye via the optic nerve (layer of retina)
ganglion layer
