Exam 2: Objectives 19-22

Question 1

hearing problem: vibrations are normal, but the organ of Corti can’t detect vibration, or neurons can’t carry the signals to the brain

Answer 1

neural problem

Question 2

what are the 2 landmarks in the hearing pathway after information has reached CN VIII?

Answer 2

thalamus and temporal lobe

Question 3

which parts of the ear focus sound waves onto the tympanic membrane?

Answer 3

pinna and external auditory canal

Question 4

where does light travel before reaching a stimulating the photoreceptors?

Answer 4

all cell layers of the retina

Question 5

what are the components of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

Answer 5

sclera and cornea

Question 6

how many kinds of cones are there? what colors are they?

Answer 6

3: red, blue, green

Question 7

where is the sense of vision first activated?

Answer 7

photoreceptors

Question 8

where is the damage if there is a conduction problem?

Answer 8

tympanic membrane, wax buildup

Question 9

on/off cells that connect impulses from rods/cones to ganglion cells (layer of retina)

Answer 9

bipolar layer

Question 10

where is the true sense of hearing located?

Answer 10

spiral organ of corti

Question 11

in the scala media, what is the name of the membrane that contains the sensory hair cells?

Answer 11

basilar

Question 12

what do the malleus, incus, and stapes do?

Answer 12

cause ripples in cochlear fluid, amplifying sound

Question 13

these photoreceptors are used for color, central vision, clarity

Answer 13

cones

Question 14

neuron axons in the retina gather at a point called…

Answer 14

the optic disc

Question 15

where does the stapes sit to transmit sound to the cochlea?

Answer 15

oval window

Question 16

where are bipolar cells and ganglion cells found?

Answer 16

in the retina, near the optic nerve fibers

Question 17

Touching the cornea elicits a blinking response. Which nerve provides sensory information that the cornea is being touched? Which nerve provides the motor response of blinking?

Answer 17

sensory: CN V trigeminal motor: CN VII facial

Question 18

what kind of receptors are the sensory hair cells on the basilar membrane of the scala media?

Answer 18

mechanoreceptors

Question 19

where are the genes located for photo pigments?

Answer 19

the X chromosome

Question 20

hearing problem: vibrations cannot be transmitted from the air to the organ of Corti

Answer 20

conduction problem

Question 21

in the cochlea, where are the sensory hair cells that receive sound waves?

Answer 21

basilar membrane of scala media

Question 22

what are the components of the vascular tunic of the eye?

Answer 22

iris, ciliary body, choroid

Question 23

when the 2 optic nerves meet at the optic chiasm, what do they form?

Answer 23

optic tract

Question 24

this occurs in response to an extremely loud sound: the muscles of the ossicles will “lock up” and prevent transmission to the inner ear

Answer 24

attenuation reflex

Question 25

where are cones located?

Answer 25

fovea centralis (retina)

Question 26

where do blood vessels and the optic nerve enter the eye?

Answer 26

optic disc

Question 27

where is the damage if there is a neural problem?

Answer 27

organ of Corti or hair cells

Question 28

which part of the ear rocks the malleus, incus, and stapes?

Answer 28

tympanic membrane

Question 29

what happens if there is a lesion to the right optic tract?

Answer 29

inability to see right half of visual field

Question 30

which neurotransmitter is released when sound waves enter the scala media?

Answer 30

glutamate

Question 31

what are the 3 chambers in the cochlea, in the order that they are activated?

Answer 31

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani

Question 32

where is the pigmented layer in the eye?

Answer 32

retina: below rods and cones

Question 33

what happens if there is a lesion to the longitudinal region of the optic chiasm?

Answer 33

no peripheral vision (no binocular vision)

Question 34

where are photoreceptors (rods and cones) found?

Answer 34

retina: above pigmented layer

Question 35

which kind of hearing problem can be corrected with a cochlear implant?

Answer 35

neural

Question 36

after crossing at the optic chiasm, what 2 landmarks are part of the visual pathway?

Answer 36

thalamus and occipital lobe

Question 37

what happens if there is a lesion to the left optic tract?

Answer 37

inability to see left half of visual field

Question 38

these photoreceptors are used in dim light, have poor sharpness, and are located on the periphery

Answer 38

rods

Question 39

what are the components of the retinal tunic of the eye?

Answer 39

pigmented and neural layers

Question 40

axons of the ganglion cells form the output from the retina

Answer 40

optic nerve

Question 41

what is the visual pathway?

Answer 41

rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > thalamus > visual cortex

Question 42

the bony and membranous labyrinth, hearing part of the inner ear

Answer 42

cochlea

Question 43

which kind of hearing problem can be corrected with a hearing aid?

Answer 43

conduction

Question 44

what happens if there is a lesion to an optic nerve?

Answer 44

total blindness in that eye

Question 45

when pressure is _____ inside the middle ear than the auditory canal, the tympanic membrane _______ and sound in distorted

Answer 45

higher; bulges outward

Question 46

what structure functions to equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane?

Answer 46

eustachian tube

Question 47

receives visual stimuli from bipolar cells and conducts impulses out of the eye via the optic nerve (layer of retina)

Answer 47

ganglion layer