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Physiology 2232 > Exam 3: Objectives 59-69 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Objectives 59-69 Flashcards

1
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

type I alveolar cells

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2
Q

higher pressure outside the lungs and lower pressure inside the lungs

A

inhalation

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3
Q

expiration difficult; elastic recoil decreases and lungs become floppy; emphysema

A

increased compliance

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4
Q

what is the equation for total lung capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

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5
Q

in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases

A

dalton’s law

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6
Q

what makes carbon monoxide deadly?

A

it binds to the same site on hemoglobin as O2

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7
Q

what is the average resting tidal volume?

A

500 mL

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8
Q

amount (in addition to tidal volume) inspired forcefully

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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9
Q

why are the lungs compliant?

A

lung tissue and thoracic cage are elastic; surface tension of alveoli

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10
Q

this structure influences and modifies the activity of the medullary centers; smooths out inspiration and expiration transitions

A

pons

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11
Q

layer of pleura attached to the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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12
Q

pressure of the air outside of the body: 760 mmHg

A

atmospheric pressure

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13
Q

lower pressure outside the lungs and higher pressure inside the lungs

A

exhalation

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14
Q

amount left in lungs between breaths

A

residual volume

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15
Q

where is the rate/rhythm control center of the CNS?

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

when holding breath, if CO2 levels get high enough, medullary control centers will take over forcing inhalation

A

cortical control reflex

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17
Q

stiffness of lungs; decrease in size of rib cage; inspiration difficult

A

decreased compliance

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18
Q

what is the formula for a bicarbonate ion?

A

HCO3-

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19
Q

which muscles are involved in breathing at rest?

A

external intercostals, diaphragm

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20
Q

which additional muscles are added for forced exhalation?

A

internal intercostals, abdominals

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21
Q

when oxyhemoglobin drops off O2 in the tissues

A

oxygen unloading

22
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

23
Q

gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

A

internal respiration

24
Q

layer of pleura attached to the thoracic cavity and diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

25
Q

pressure in the intrapleural space (between visceral and parietal pleura)

A

intrapleural pressure

26
Q

which respiratory chemoreceptors have greater influence over respiratory rate?

A

central chemoreceptors

27
Q

amount (in addition to tidal volume) exhaled forcefully

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

28
Q

guards against overinflation of lung which might damage tissues; stretch receptors in tissues trigger forced exhale

A

Herring Breuer inflation reflex

29
Q

what is the formula for CO2 transport with bicarbonate ions?

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

30
Q

volume of one resting breath

A

resting tidal volume

31
Q

gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

A

external respiration

32
Q

pressure of the air inside the lungs or alveoli

A

intrapulmonic pressure

33
Q

inherent ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow simultaneously

A

ventilation-perfusion coupling

34
Q

how do oxygen and CO2 move during external respiration?

A

O2: out of alveoli into pulmonary capillaries CO2: out of pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

35
Q

how does acidity affect oxygen unloading?

A

low pH increases it

36
Q

exchange of bicarbonate ion out of and Cl- into RBCs

A

chloride shift

37
Q

the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature

A

partial pressure

38
Q

how does temperature affect oxygen unloading?

A

high temperature increases it

39
Q

as volume increases, pressure decreases

A

Boyle’s law

40
Q

what are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?

A

conduction and respiratory zones

41
Q

what is the equation for vital capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + TV

42
Q

what is needed to form carbonic acid from CO2 and H20?

A

carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

which respiratory chemoreceptors respond to changes in brain extracellular fluid: H+, PCO2?

A

central chemoreceptors

44
Q

when hemoglobin binds to O2 in the lungs

A

oxygen loading

45
Q

how to O2 and CO2 move during internal respiration?

A

O2: out of systemic capillaries into tissues CO2: into systemic capillaries from tissues

46
Q

where are central chemoreceptors?

A

medulla oblongata

47
Q

which cells produce surfactant?

A

type II alveolar cells

48
Q

which respiratory chemoreceptors respond to changes in the blood: H+, PCO2, PO2?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

49
Q

what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?

A

dissolved in the plasma OR bound to amino acids OR bicarbonate ions

50
Q

what are the 2 ways O2 is transported?

A

bound to hemoglobin OR dissolved in the plasma

Physiology 2232 (17 decks)

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