Exam 3: Objectives 59-69 Flashcards
where does gas exchange occur?
type I alveolar cells
higher pressure outside the lungs and lower pressure inside the lungs
inhalation
expiration difficult; elastic recoil decreases and lungs become floppy; emphysema
increased compliance
what is the equation for total lung capacity?
IRV + ERV + TV + RV
in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
dalton’s law
what makes carbon monoxide deadly?
it binds to the same site on hemoglobin as O2
what is the average resting tidal volume?
500 mL
amount (in addition to tidal volume) inspired forcefully
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
why are the lungs compliant?
lung tissue and thoracic cage are elastic; surface tension of alveoli
this structure influences and modifies the activity of the medullary centers; smooths out inspiration and expiration transitions
pons
layer of pleura attached to the lungs
visceral pleura
pressure of the air outside of the body: 760 mmHg
atmospheric pressure
lower pressure outside the lungs and higher pressure inside the lungs
exhalation
amount left in lungs between breaths
residual volume
where is the rate/rhythm control center of the CNS?
medulla oblongata
when holding breath, if CO2 levels get high enough, medullary control centers will take over forcing inhalation
cortical control reflex
stiffness of lungs; decrease in size of rib cage; inspiration difficult
decreased compliance
what is the formula for a bicarbonate ion?
HCO3-
which muscles are involved in breathing at rest?
external intercostals, diaphragm
which additional muscles are added for forced exhalation?
internal intercostals, abdominals
when oxyhemoglobin drops off O2 in the tissues
oxygen unloading
where are peripheral chemoreceptors?
carotid and aortic bodies
gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
internal respiration
layer of pleura attached to the thoracic cavity and diaphragm
parietal pleura
pressure in the intrapleural space (between visceral and parietal pleura)
intrapleural pressure
which respiratory chemoreceptors have greater influence over respiratory rate?
central chemoreceptors
amount (in addition to tidal volume) exhaled forcefully
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
guards against overinflation of lung which might damage tissues; stretch receptors in tissues trigger forced exhale
Herring Breuer inflation reflex
what is the formula for CO2 transport with bicarbonate ions?
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
volume of one resting breath
resting tidal volume
gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
external respiration
pressure of the air inside the lungs or alveoli
intrapulmonic pressure
inherent ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow simultaneously
ventilation-perfusion coupling
how do oxygen and CO2 move during external respiration?
O2: out of alveoli into pulmonary capillaries CO2: out of pulmonary capillaries into alveoli
how does acidity affect oxygen unloading?
low pH increases it
exchange of bicarbonate ion out of and Cl- into RBCs
chloride shift
the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature
partial pressure
how does temperature affect oxygen unloading?
high temperature increases it
as volume increases, pressure decreases
Boyle’s law
what are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?
conduction and respiratory zones
what is the equation for vital capacity?
IRV + ERV + TV
what is needed to form carbonic acid from CO2 and H20?
carbonic anhydrase
which respiratory chemoreceptors respond to changes in brain extracellular fluid: H+, PCO2?
central chemoreceptors
when hemoglobin binds to O2 in the lungs
oxygen loading
how to O2 and CO2 move during internal respiration?
O2: out of systemic capillaries into tissues CO2: into systemic capillaries from tissues
where are central chemoreceptors?
medulla oblongata
which cells produce surfactant?
type II alveolar cells
which respiratory chemoreceptors respond to changes in the blood: H+, PCO2, PO2?
peripheral chemoreceptors
what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?
dissolved in the plasma OR bound to amino acids OR bicarbonate ions
what are the 2 ways O2 is transported?
bound to hemoglobin OR dissolved in the plasma
