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Physiology 2232 > Exam 4: Digestion > Flashcards

Exam 4: Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

which nerve controls swallowing?

A

CN IX glossopharyngeal

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2
Q

by what vessel are monosaccharides carried to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

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3
Q

where is the control center for the swallowing reflex?

A

medulla oblongata

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4
Q

fats are not absorbed directly into the blood–they go through which system first?

A

lymphatic system

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5
Q

which organ absorbs a lot of water?

A

large intestine

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6
Q

protein digestion begins with ________ in the ________

A

pepsin; stomach

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7
Q

when do we start calling bolus “chyme?”

A

when it enters the stomach

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8
Q

type of lipoprotein: deliver lipids to adipose tissue for storage

A

very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

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9
Q

what does bile do to stomach acid?

A

neutralizes it

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10
Q

where are amino acids mainly absorbed?

A

duodenum and jejunum

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11
Q

phase of gastric regulation: increased volume in stomach further increases acid secretion, continuing to stimulate gastrin and histamine; vagus nerve stimulated to further gastric secretion

A

gastric phase

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12
Q

type of lipoprotein: transport cholesterol/lipids to peripheral tissues (ex: artery walls)

A

low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

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13
Q

which layer of the GI tract is covered in villi and microvilli?

A

mucosa

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14
Q

what 2 hormones regulate pancreatic juice?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

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15
Q

what stimulates the release of Gastrin?

A

parasympathetic neurons

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16
Q

what stimulates the release of gastric juices?

A

gastrin

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17
Q

what do lipids pick up that allows them to bind to receptors on the capillary endothelium within muscles and adipose tissue?

A

apolipoprotein

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18
Q

where are there no enzymes but a lot of bacteria?

A

large intestine

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19
Q

when micelles break down into fatty acid and glycerol, what are they packaged into?

A

chylomicrons

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20
Q

what kind of innervation supplies the salivary reflex?

A

parasympathetic

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21
Q

what is required to convert pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

HCl

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22
Q

phase of gastric regulation: stimuli from beginning of small intestine influence acid secretion in stomach; hormones inhibit gastric secretions

A

intestinal phase

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23
Q

what enzyme produced in the pancreas aids in carbohydrate digestion?

A

pancreatic amylase?

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24
Q

which enzymes of the intestinal cells break down carbohydrates?

A

lactase, sucrase, maltase

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25
Q

which cells of the gastric glands release gastric lipase, intrinsic factor, and hydrochloric acid?

A

parietal cells

26
Q

what stimulates increased production of bile?

A

arrival of food in the duodenum

27
Q

what is another name for swallowing?

A

deglutition

28
Q

which organ is responsible for the complete digestion of carbs, proteins, and fats, and for the absorption of nutrients

A

small intestine

29
Q

this substance released by the gastric glands kills microbes in food and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

A

hydrochloric acid

30
Q

fat digestion begins in the _________ with __________

A

small intestine; pancreatic lipase

31
Q

what is also known as the “brain of the gut?”

A

enteric nervous system

32
Q

hormone produced by adipose tissue; when levels increase, appetite is suppressed

A

leptin

33
Q

after absorption, monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells by ________ _________ into the blood capillaries

A

facilitated diffusion

34
Q

in higher levels, what does insulin do to appetite?

A

suppresses it

35
Q

which substances produced by the pancreas aid in protein digestion?

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

36
Q

where does the lymphatic system drop chylomicrons into the bloodstream?

A

at the thoracic duct

37
Q

what are the 3 stages of swallowing reflex?

A

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

38
Q

what stimulates parasympathetic neurons to release Gastrin?

A

sense of food

39
Q

type of lipoprotein: returns excess cholesterol to the liver; takes it away from artery walls

A

high density lipoproteins (HDLs)

40
Q

digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

A

salivary amylase

41
Q

chemical digestion of chyme in the small intestine is dependent on which accessory digestive organs?

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

42
Q

which enzyme of the intestinal cells breaks down fats?

A

intestinal lipase

43
Q

amino acids: enter epithelial cells of small intestine via ___________ (co transport with _________)

A

active transport; sodium

44
Q

what do bile salts do?

A

emulsify fats

45
Q

large spherical particles (lipid) coated with proteins

A

chylomicrons

46
Q

which enzyme of the intestinal cells breaks down proteins?

A

enterokinase

47
Q

at what point do the accessory digestive organs deliver secretions to the duodenum?

A

sphincter of Oddi

48
Q

what is the product of mastication

A

bolus

49
Q

monosaccharides: absorbed via _________ into small intestine epithelium (cotransport with ________)

A

active transport; sodium

50
Q

passage of small food molecules through the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

A

absorption

51
Q

pancreatic juice contains what buffer that collects acid from chyme?

A

potassium bicarbonate

52
Q

what is the mixing and holding chamber for food?

A

stomach

53
Q

what do micelles break down into?

A

fatty acid and glycerol

54
Q

what are the 4 layers of the GI tract, from innermost to outermost?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

55
Q

what is the product when bile salts emulsify larger lipids?

A

micelles

56
Q

by what lymphatic vessel do chylomicrons enter?

A

lacteal

57
Q

phase of gastric regulation: increased parasympathetic activity to ENS to release gastrin and histamine (stimulating acid secretion); occurs when you see, smell, taste, or chew food

A

cephalic phase

58
Q

where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

the oral cavity

59
Q

what are the 3 phases of gastric regulation?

A

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

60
Q

feature of the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients

A

villi

61
Q

what is the main purpose of digestion?

A

absorption

62
Q

which cells of the gastric glands release inactive gastric enzyme, pepsinogen, and lipase?

A

chief cells

Physiology 2232 (17 decks)

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