Exam 3: Objectives 48-51 Flashcards
what happens to blood flow during static exercise?
it’s reduced to the working muscle: vasoconstriction, increased resistance
what happens to blood flow during dynamic exercise?
it’s increased to the working muscles: vasodilation, decreased resistance
the last sound heard while cuff is being deflated
diastolic BP
what are the 3 variables that regulate stroke volume?
venous return, contractility, resistance
what are the afferent components of blood pressure regulation?
proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
how can you regulate BP?
change CO, resistance, blood volume
where is blood pressure highest?
aorta and systemic arteries
what is the effect of positive chronotropic agents on HR?
increases HR
resistance in arteries to ejection of blood
afterload
what receptors receive the norepi and epi released by the sympathetic nervous system?
beta adrenergic on atria and ventricles
what regulates the firing of the SA node (and heart rate altogether)?
cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to decrease HR?
releases ACh via Vagus nerve
what are the 3 factors that affect peripheral resistance?
vessel radius, vessel length, blood viscosity
volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (preload)
venous return
what is mean arterial pressure?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
volume of blood pumped out each minute by the left ventricle
cardiac output
substances that act on the myocardium to alter its contractility
inotropic agents
what receptors receive ACh released by the parasympathetic nervous system?
muscarinic on atria
first sound heard through stethoscope after blood flow has been stopped by inflated cuff
systolic BP
what are the efferent components of blood pressure regulation?
sympathetic, parasympathetic, vasomotor tone
how does ADH affect BP?
increases blood volume
sends impulses to arterioles throughout the body producing moderate vasoconstriction
vasomotor tone
where is blood pressure lowest?
as it returns to the right atrium
what factor influences peripheral resistance the most?
vessel radius
which 2 parts of the brain regulate blood pressure and flow?
medullary cardiovascular center and hypothalamus
what are the 4 hormones that raise BP?
aldosterone, norepi and epi, antidiuretic hormone
what are the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?
vasoconstriction and aldosterone (Na, H20, BV all increase)
what is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?
BP goes down > renin released from kidneys > Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by ACE
what does the sympathetic nervous system do to increase HR?
releases norepinephrine and epinephrine
principle that states that the more blood there is in the ventricles, the more contraction strength there will be
Frank Starling’s Law
which hormone lowers BP?
atrial natriuretic peptide/factor
what is average cardiac output?
5,000 mL/min
measure of the level of exercise an individual can pursue above rest level
cardiac reserve
what is the equation for cardiac output?
CO = Stroke volume x heart rate
how does ANF/ANP affect BP?
reduces blood volume
where do you place the sphygmomanometer?
over the brachial artery
frictional resistance in the arteries; inversely related to stroke volume
total peripheral resistance (afterload)
what is pulse pressure?
systolic BP - diastolic BP
what are the effects of norepi and epi on the cardiovascular system?
increase HR, vasoconstriction
what is the equation for blood pressure?
BP = CO x Resistance
140 or greater systolic BP; 90 or greater diastolic BP
hypertension
