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Physiology 2232 > Exam 2: Objectives 30-33 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Objectives 30-33 Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for extrapyramidal systems?

A

brainstem pathways

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2
Q

striation appears due to numerous ____________ arranged in a __________

A

thick and thin filaments; myofibril

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3
Q

what is the net gain in ATP for aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP

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4
Q

which kinds of muscle are striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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5
Q

in anaerobic glycolysis, where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the sarcoplasm

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6
Q

what splits ATP into ADP and Pi, allowing the head to bind to actin where the muscle is stimulated?

A

myosin head

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7
Q

plasma membrane covering each muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

cause of muscle fatigue: due to decreased release of _______ from _________ causing decreased levels in the sarcoplasm

A

Ca++; SR

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9
Q

where do thick filaments connect? what connects them?

A

z lines; titin

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10
Q

which type of skeletal muscle fiber responds the most to training?

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

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11
Q

what is another name for the pyramidal system?

A

corticospinal system

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12
Q

assesses sensory input from vestibular and proprioceptive sensory information

A

romberg test

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13
Q

what is the most immediate way a muscle fiber can attain ATP?

A

creatine phosphate

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14
Q

tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma that can conduct action potentials

A

transverse tubules

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15
Q

what are possible energy sources for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

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16
Q

type of recruitment: high number of motor units

A

jerky contraction

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17
Q

which kind of muscle is responsible for vasodilation and constriction?

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber: uses aerobic respiration

A

slow oxidative

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19
Q

which pathway to ATP can only use glucose as an energy source?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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20
Q

what part of the brain helps initiate, terminate, and control movements, regulate muscle tone, behavior?

A

basal ganglia

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21
Q

type of recruitment: small number of motor units

A

smooth contraction

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22
Q

what are 5 causes of muscle fatigue?

A
  1. lower levels of Ca++ 2. depletion of nutrients (ex: O2, CP) 3. too much lactic acid 4. cross bridge inhibition 5. failure to reach AP
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23
Q

which system of motor control involves upper motor neurons?

A

pyramidal system

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24
Q

arrangement of myofibrils within a muscle cell which is the *functional unit of contraction*

A

sarcomere

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25
Q

slow, writhing movements

A

athetosis

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26
Q

what are thin filaments composed of?

A

actin

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27
Q

incoordination, wobbling gait *cerebellar deficits*

A

ataxia

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28
Q

which protein physically blocks cross bridges, thereby regulating contractions?

A

tropomyosin

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29
Q

where do thin filaments connect terminally?

A

z lines

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30
Q

sequential muscle contraction stimulations (and resulting stronger contraction)

A

wave summation

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31
Q

contains many mitochondria that mass produce ATP

A

sarcoplasm

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32
Q

which system of motor control has an indirect pathway: begins in brainstem, controls proximal musculature, lower motor neurons

A

extrapyramidal system

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33
Q

when a muscle contracts, what shortens?

A

sarcomeres

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34
Q

what is released after the power stroke?

A

ADP, actin

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35
Q

what kind of receptor is found in the motor end plate?

A

nicotinic

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36
Q

when a person exercises, oxygen is withdrawn from reserves in ________ and _________

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

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37
Q

where does Ca+ attach after it has been released following an action potential?

A

to troponin

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38
Q

which kind of muscle has intercalated discs?

A

cardiac muscle

39
Q

which system of motor control has a direct pathway: nerve fibers run from motor cortex to the spinal cord?

A

pyramidal system

40
Q

where is glucose stored for glycolysis?

A

blood and within muscle fiber

41
Q

what do intercalated discs allow?

A

for the muscle to be autorhythmic

42
Q

what produces the power stroke that pulls the thin filament toward the center?

A

release of Pi cocks the myosin head

43
Q

which ion is released when muscle cells are stimulated by an action potential?

A

Ca+

44
Q

sudden, irregular, jerky movements without purpose

A

chorea

45
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

A

Ca+ ions and myoglobin (oxygen)

46
Q

how does the creatine phosphate reaction provide ATP for the muscle fiber?

A

phosphate group is moved from CP to ADP

47
Q

part of a striation: found in the center of each A band; helps hold down thick filaments *middle of a sarcomere*

A

M line

48
Q

which type of myofilament has the proteins tropomyosin and troponin?

A

thin filaments

49
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber: uses both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, many mitochondria, resistant to fatigue

A

fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG/IIA)

50
Q

part of a striation: the center of the A band with no thin filament overlap

A

H zone

51
Q

a motor neuron plus the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

52
Q

what are the byproducts of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

pyruvic acid and lactic acid

53
Q

part of a striation: contains all of the thick filament and some thin filament overlap

A

A band

54
Q

which kind of muscle is the only type that can contract without a motor neuron?

A

cardiac muscle

55
Q

upper or lower motor neuron lesion: stiff, exaggerated reflexes, loss of inhibition?

A

upper

56
Q

what part of the brain coordinates sensory inputs from muscles, joints, eyes, ears?

A

cerebellum

57
Q

how does the cell return to rest after a contraction?

A

ATP required to pump Ca+ back into SR

58
Q

where do cross bridges form?

A

between myosin and actin

59
Q

where are most neuromuscular junctions located?

A

near the middle of the muscle fiber

60
Q

what are the 2 binding sites on myosin?

A

actin and ATP binding sites

61
Q

cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber

A

myofibrils

62
Q

what are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic

63
Q

what are the 3 ways a muscle fiber can form ATP for contractions?

A

creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration

64
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber: few mitochondria, mainly anaerobic respiration, fatigue quickly, rapid and powerful

A

fast glycolytic

65
Q

about 90 stimulations per second resulting in a sustained contraction

A

fused tetanus

66
Q

what is the primary role of the pyramidal system?

A

voluntary motor movements: fine, isolated

67
Q

during a muscle contraction, which type of band shortens and which does not?

A

I bands shorten; A bands do not

68
Q

which pathway to ATP happens after creatine phosphate?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

69
Q

upper or lower motor neuron lesion: soft, absence of reflexes

A

lower

70
Q

what is a muscle twitch?

A

a single action potential

71
Q

what are thick filaments composed of?

A

myosin

72
Q

what part of the brain maintains movements initiated by the primary motor cortex?

A

cerebellum

73
Q

what is the effect of Ca+ binding to troponin after an AP?

A

it moves tropomyosin: myosin can access actin to form cross bridges: muscle contraction is possible

74
Q

what does the action potential provide for the muscle cell?

A

increased Ca+ in the sarcoplasm

75
Q

period between excitation and development of force in a skeletal muscle that includes the time needed for the AP to travel down the sarcolemma, T tubules, to release Ca+ from SR, move tropomyosin, and cycle the cross bridges

A

latent period

76
Q

which protein prevents myosin from binding at rest?

A

tropomyosin

77
Q

these are symptoms of lesions where? resting tremor, chorea, athetosis

A

basal ganglia

78
Q

part of a striation: found in the center of each I band *end of a sarcomere*

A

Z line

79
Q

where is the premotor cortex located?

A

frontal lobe

80
Q

what is the net gain in ATP of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

81
Q

which part of the brain initiates movement?

A

primary motor cortex

82
Q

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

gluconeogenesis

83
Q

Order these steps to stimulating a muscle fiber: a. end plate potentials are produced (EPSPs) b. Ach is released from the motor neuron c. voltage-gated Ca+ channels open and cause Ca+ channels in SR to open d. Ach binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on motor end plate of skeletal muscle e. calcium is released and can bind to troponin f. APs are generated along sarcolemma and travel down T tubules

A

b, d, a, f, c, e

84
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral sulcus

85
Q

primary role of which system of motor control: posture, upright movement, balance, walking *involuntary movements*

A

extrapyramidal system

86
Q

part of a striation: contains only thin filaments

A

I band

87
Q

processing and storage center for a muscle cell

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

88
Q

what is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + O2 > CO2 + H20 + ATP

89
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

90
Q

protein that anchors thick filaments to z lines and allows elastic recoil

A

titin

91
Q

multiple stimulations to muscle resulting in increasing but wavering contractions

A

unfused tetanus

92
Q

what determines the force produced by a single muscle fiber?

A

frequency and the # contracting in unison

93
Q

these are symptoms of lesions where? ataxia, intention tremor

A

cerebellum

94
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber: small diameter, contains most myoglobin, many mitochondria, resistant to fatigue, found in postural muscles

A

slow oxidative (SO/IA)

Physiology 2232 (17 decks)

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